Site-specific enzymes and methods of use

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides polypeptides related to  Ralstonia  proteins, nucleic acids encoding the same, compositions comprising the same, kits comprising the same, non-human transgenic animals comprising the same, and methods of using the same.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/443,361, filed May 5, 2015, which is a national phase application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/US2013/070636, filed Nov. 18, 2013, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/802,066, filed Mar. 15, 2013, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/727,652, filed Nov. 16, 2012, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The Sequence Listing associated with this application is provided in text format in lieu of a paper copy, and is hereby incorporated by reference into the specification. The name of the text file containing the Sequence Listing is POTH-006_C01US_SeqList_Corr_ST25.txt. The text file is about 161B, was recorded on Nov. 1, 2019, and is being submitted electronically via EFS-Web.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed, in part, to Ralstonia proteins, nucleic acids encoding the same, compositions comprising the same, kits comprising the same, as well as methods of using the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Transcription factors with programmable DNA binding domains offer one potential approach toward creating an exogenous biological circuit in an endogenous system and creating designer proteins that bind to pre-determined DNA sequences or individual nucleic acids. Transcriptional activator-like (TAL) proteins have been recently demonstrated to have modular and predictable DNA binding domains, thereby allowing for the de novo creation of synthetic transcription factors that bind to DNA sequences of interest and, if desirable, allow a second domain present on the protein or polypeptide to perform an activity related to DNA. TAL proteins have been derived from the organism Xanthomonas. Provided herein, however, are Ralstonia proteins or polypeptides that function in a fashion similar to TAL proteins derived from Xanthomonas. The invention relates to polypeptides derived from Ralstonia amino acid sequences or amino acid sequences related thereto, nucleic acids encoding the same, compositions comprising the same, kits comprising the same, non-human transgenic animals comprising the same, and methods of using the same.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based in part on the fact that the repeat variable diresidues (RVDs) of Ralstonia effectors correspond to the nucleotides in their target sites in a direct, linear fashion, one RVD to one nucleotide, with some degeneracy and no apparent context dependence. This finding represents a mechanism for protein-DNA recognition that enables target site prediction for new target-specific Ralstonia effectors. As described herein, these proteins may be useful in research and biotechnology as part of a larger targeted chimeric protein with accessory activities related to nucleic acids such as nuclease activity. For instance, in some embodiments, the polypeptide or pronucleases that can facilitate homologous recombination in genome engineering (e.g., to add or enhance traits useful for bio fuels or biorenewables in plants or bacteria, or animal genomes). These proteins also may be useful as, for example, transcription factors, and especially for therapeutic applications requiring a very high level of specificity such as therapeutics against pathogens (e.g., viruses) as non limiting examples. In some embodiments, the polypeptide or proteins of the invention comprise at least a first domain and a second domain, wherein the first domain comprises at least one coding sequence for a nucleic acid recognition element and the second domain comprises at least one coding sequence for a nucleic acid effector element.

The present invention provides proteins comprising at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1:

(SEQ ID NO: 1) LSTEQVVAIASX1X2GGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE; wherein X₁=naturally occurring or non naturally amino acid.

X₂=naturally occurring or non naturally amino acid.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1:

LSTEQVVAIASX1X2GGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE; wherein, in any combination, X₁ and X₂ are independently variable, and X₁=A, N, H, R or G; and X₂=I, N, H, K, Y, T, D, S, or P.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1:

(SEQ ID NO: 1) LSTEQVVAIASX1X2GGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE;

wherein X₁=S and X₂=I.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1:

(SEQ ID NO: 1) LSTEQVVAIASX1X2GGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE;

wherein X₁=S and X₂=N.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to

(SEQ ID NO: 2) LSTEQVVAIASSIGGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to

(SEQ ID NO: 3) LSTEQVVAIASSNGGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to

(SEQ ID NO: 4) LSTEQVVAIASSHGGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to

(SEQ ID NO: 5) LSTEQVVAIASNPGGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to

(SEQ ID NO: 6) LSTEQVVAIASNHGGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to

(SEQ ID NO: 7) LSTEQVVAIASNTGGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to

(SEQ ID NO: 8) LSTEQVVAIASNKGGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to

(SEQ ID NO: 9) LSTEQVVAIASNPGGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to

(SEQ ID NO: 10) LSTEQVVAIASNNGGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to

(SEQ ID NO: 11) LSTEQVVAIASNDGGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to

(SEQ ID NO: 12) LSTEQVVAIASNGGGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to

(SEQ ID NO: 13) LSTEQVVAIASHNGGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to

(SEQ ID NO: 14) LSTEQVVAIASHYGGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to

(SEQ ID NO: 15) LSTEQVVAIASHDGGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to

(SEQ ID NO: 16) LSTEQVVAIASHEIGGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to

(SEQ ID NO: 17) LSTEQVVAIASRNGGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to

(SEQ ID NO: 18) LSTEQVVAIASRSGGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to

(SEQ ID NO: 19) LSTEQVVAIASGSGGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide or proteins of the invention comprise at least a first domain and a second domain, wherein the first domain comprises at least one a nucleic acid recognition element and wherein the second domain comprises at least one nucleic acid effector element.

The present invention relates to nucleic acid sequences that encode any protein or polypeptide described herein.

The present invention relates to compositions that comprise any one or a plurality of nucleic acid sequences that encode any protein or polypeptide described herein. The present invention relates to compositions that comprises any one or a plurality of amino acid sequences described herein.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention consists of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein X₁X₂ bind to a single nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein X₁X₂ bind to at least one nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention consists essentially of SEQ ID NO:1, wherein X₁X₂ bind to a nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention consists of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein X₁X₂ bind to a nucleic acid.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises one or more of any combination of a polypeptide sequences with at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the polypeptides chosen from: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO:20.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises one or more of any combination of a polypeptide sequences with at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the polypeptides chosen from: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO 14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, wherein the 12th and 13th amino acid of at least one of the polypeptide sequences binds at least one nucleic acid.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises one or a plurality of any combination of a polypeptide sequences with 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the polypeptides chosen from: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NO: 19.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises a first domain and a second domain, wherein the first domain is a nucleic acid recognition domain that comprises one or a plurality of any combination of a polypeptide sequences with 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the polypeptides chosen from: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID N: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, and SEQ ID NO:19.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the present invention comprises a first domain and a second domain, wherein the first domain is a nucleic acid recognition domain that comprises one or a plurality of any combination of a polypeptide sequences with 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the polypeptides chosen from: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, and SEQ ID NO:19; wherein the 12th and 13th amino acid of at least one polypeptide sequence bind a nucleic acid.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises at least 91% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO 1. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises at least 92% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises at least 93% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises at least 94% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises at least 96% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises at least 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises at least 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1.

In some embodiments, the protein comprises at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and comprises more than one of the amino acid substitutions in any of the polypeptides chosen from SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO:19. In some embodiments, the protein comprises at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and comprises more than one of the amino acid substitutions in any of the polypeptides chosen from SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, or SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the protein comprises at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1, and comprises more than one of the amino acid substitutions in any of the polypeptides chosen from SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the protein comprises at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1, and comprises more than one of the amino acid substitutions in any of the polypeptides chosen from SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO: 18, or SEQ ID NO: 19.

In some embodiments, the protein or polypeptide comprises at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO:19. In some embodiments, the protein or polypeptide comprises at least one, two, three, or four polypeptide sequences selected from polypeptides comprising at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO:19.

The present invention also provides nucleic acids encoding any of the proteins described above. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises nucleic acid sequences that encode at least 2, 3, 4, 5 or more polypeptides chosen from polypeptides comprising at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO: 18, or SEQ ID NO: 19.

The present invention also provides vectors comprising any of the nucleic acid sequences described above encoding any of the proteins described above. In some embodiments, the vector is a plasmid. In some embodiments, the vector is a retrovirus. In some embodiments, the retrovirus comprises long terminal repeats, a psi packaging signal, a cloning site, and a sequence encoding a selectable marker.

The present invention also provides cells comprising any of the nucleic acids or vectors described herein. In some embodiments, the cell is a sperm or an egg.

The present invention also provides kits comprising: a vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding any of the proteins described herein.

The present invention also provides non-human, transgenic animals comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding any of the proteins described herein.

The present invention also provides methods of modifying genetic material of a cell or at least one cell of a multicellular or unicellular organism, the method comprising administering directly to the cell or at least one cell of a multicellular or unicellular organism any one or more of nucleic acids described herein or any polypeptide described herein. In some embodiments, the protein is administered as a nucleic acid encoding the protein. In some embodiments, nucleic acid encoding the protein is amdinistred with a second nucleic acid sequence that encodes an effector. In some embodiments, the multicellular or unicellular organism is a vertebrate. In some embodiments, the vertebrate animal is a mammal. In some embodiments, the vertebrate animal is a non-human mammal. In some embodiments, the administering is administering systemically.

The present invention also provides methods of generating a non-human, transgenic animal comprising a germline mutation comprising: introducing a vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding any of the proteins described herein into a cell of the non-human, transgenic animal.

The present invention also provides methods of mutagenizing the germ line of a non-human, transgenic animal comprising: introducing a nucleic acid molecule encoding any of the proteins described herein into a cell under conditions sufficient to generate a transgenic animal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a consensus sequence of a DNA-binding protein from Xanthamonas aligned via BLAST to methyltransferase sequences from bacterial strains. Based upon sequence alignment, DNA binding function of the sequences is predicted. The sequences in the alignment have the following SEQ ID NOs, in order from top to bottom: SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 137, SEQ ID NO: 138, SEQ ID NO: 138, SEQ ID NO: 139, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 57, SEQ ID NO: 58. The consensus sequence at the bottom reads LTTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVCQXHG (SEQ ID NO: 209), wherein X is either an aspartic acid (D) or an alanine (A).

FIG. 2 depicts a gel demonstrating RTN functionality.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

In some embodiments, the polypeptide or proteins of the invention comprise at least a first domain and a second domain, wherein the first domain comprises at least one coding sequence for a nucleic acid recognition element and wherein the second domain comprises at least one coding sequence for a nucleic acid effector element. In some embodiments, the polypeptide or proteins of the invention comprise at least a first domain wherein the first domain comprises at least one coding sequence for a nucleic acid recognition element derived from a amino acid sequence derived from Ralstonia or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, the polypeptide or proteins of the invention comprise at least a first domain wherein the first domain comprises at least one coding sequence for a nucleic acid recognition element derived from an amino acid sequence derived from Ralstonia.

The term “RTN” refers to a polypeptide or proteins of the invention that comprise at least a first domain wherein the first domain comprises at least one coding sequence for a nucleic acid recognition element derived from an amino acid sequence derived from Ralstonia. In some embodiments, the term “RTN” refers to a polypeptide or proteins of the invention that comprise at least a first domain and a second domain, wherein the first domain comprises at least one coding sequence for a nucleic acid recognition element derived from an amino acid sequence derived from Ralstonia and the second domain comprises a amino acid that is an effector protein. In some embodiments, the term “RTN” refers to a polypeptide or proteins of the invention that comprise at least a first domain and a second domain, wherein the first domain comprises at least one coding sequence for a nucleic acid recognition element derived from an amino acid sequence derived from Ralstonia and the second domain comprises a amino acid that is a nuclease. RTN DNA binding specificity depends on the number and order of repeat domains in the DNA binding domain. Repeats are generally composed of from about 30 to about 40 amino acids. In some embodiments, the repeat domains comprise from about 32 to about 38 amino acids. In some embodiments, nucleotide binding specificity is determined by the 12 and 13 amino acids of each repeat domain. In some embodiments, the repeat domains comprise from about 33 to about 37 amino acids. In some embodiments, the repeat domains comprise from about 34 to about 35 amino acids. In some embodiments, the repeat domains comprise from about 33 to about 36 amino acids. In some embodiments, the repeat domains comprise from about 33 to about 35 amino acids. In some embodiments, the repeat domains consist of 34 to 35 amino acids. In some embodiments, the repeat domains consist of 33 to 35 amino acids. In some embodiments, the repeat domains consist of 34 to 36 amino acids.

“Nucleic acid” or “oligonucleotide” or “polynucleotide” as used herein means at least two nucleotides covalently linked together. The depiction of a single strand also defines the sequence of the complementary strand. Thus, a nucleic acid also encompasses the complementary strand of a depicted single strand. Many variants of a nucleic acid can be used for the same purpose as a given nucleic acid. Thus, a nucleic acid also encompasses substantially identical nucleic acids and complements thereof. A single strand provides a probe that can hybridize to a target sequence under stringent hybridization conditions. Thus, a nucleic acid also encompasses a probe that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions. Nucleic acids can be single stranded or double stranded, or can contain portions of both double stranded and single stranded sequence. The nucleic acid can be DNA, both genomic and cDNA, RNA, or a hybrid, where the nucleic acid can contain combinations of deoxyribo- and ribo-nucleotides, and combinations of bases including uracil, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, inosine, xanthine hypoxanthine, isocytosine and isoguanine. In some embodiments, is synthesized, comprises non-natural amino acid modifications. Nucleic acids can be obtained by chemical synthesis methods or by recombinant methods.

“Operably linked” as used herein means that expression of a gene is under the control of a promoter with which it is spatially connected. A promoter can be positioned 5′ (upstream) or 3′ (downstream) of a gene under its control. The distance between the promoter and a gene can be approximately the same as the distance between that promoter and the gene it controls in the gene from which the promoter is derived. As is known in the art, variation in this distance can be accommodated without loss of promoter function.

“Promoter” as used herein means a synthetic or naturally-derived molecule which is capable of conferring, activating or enhancing expression of a nucleic acid in a cell. A promoter can comprise one or more specific transcriptional regulatory sequences to further enhance expression and/or to alter the spatial expression and/or temporal expression of same. A promoter can also comprise distal enhancer or repressor elements, which can be located as much as several thousand base pairs from the start site of transcription. A promoter can be derived from sources including viral, bacterial, fungal, plants, insects, and animals. A promoter can regulate the expression of a gene component constitutively, or differentially with respect to cell, the tissue or organ in which expression occurs or, with respect to the developmental stage at which expression occurs, or in response to external stimuli such as physiological stresses, pathogens, metal ions, or inducing agents. Representative examples of promoters include the bacteriophage T7 promoter, bacteriophage T3 promoter, SP6 promoter, lac operator-promoter, tac promoter, SV40 late promoter, SV40 early promoter, RSV-LTR promoter, CMV IE promoter, SV40 early promoter or SV40 late promoter and the CMV IE promoter,

“Substantially complementary” as used herein means that a first sequence is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the complement of a second sequence over a region of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 180, 270, 360, 450, 540, or more nucleotides or amino acids, or that the two sequences hybridize under stringent hybridization conditions.

“Substantially identical” as used herein means that a first and second sequence are at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical over a region of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 180, 270, 360, 450, 540 or more nucleotides or amino acids, or with respect to nucleic acids, if the first sequence is substantially complementary to the complement of the second sequence.

“Variant” used herein with respect to a nucleic acid means (i) a portion or fragment of a referenced nucleotide sequence; (ii) the complement of a referenced nucleotide sequence or portion thereof; (iii) a nucleic acid that is substantially identical to a referenced nucleic acid or the complement thereof; or (iv) a nucleic acid that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the referenced nucleic acid, complement thereof, or a sequences substantially identical thereto.

As used herein “variant” with respect to a peptide or polypeptide that differs in amino acid sequence by the insertion, deletion, or conservative substitution of amino acids, but retain at least one biological activity. Variant can also mean a protein with an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to a referenced protein with an amino acid sequence that retains at least one biological activity. A conservative substitution of an amino acid, i.e., replacing an amino acid with a different amino acid of similar properties (e.g., hydrophilicity, degree and distribution of charged regions) is recognized in the art as typically involving a minor change. These minor changes can be identified, in part, by considering the hydropathic index of amino acids, as understood in the art. Kyte et al., J. Mol. Biol. 157: 105-132 (1982). The hydropathic index of an amino acid is based on a consideration of its hydrophobicity and charge. It is known in the art that amino acids of similar hydropathic indexes can be substituted and still retain protein function. In one aspect, amino acids having hydropathic indexes of +2 are substituted. The hydrophilicity of amino acids can also be used to reveal substitutions that would result in proteins retaining biological function. A consideration of the hydrophilicity of amino acids in the context of a peptide permits calculation of the greatest local average hydrophilicity of that peptide, a useful measure that has been reported to correlate well with antigenicity and immunogenicity. U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101, incorporated fully herein by reference.

Substitution of amino acids having similar hydrophilicity values can result in peptides retaining biological activity, for example immunogenicity, as is understood in the art. Substitutions can be performed with amino acids having hydrophilicity values within +2 of each other. Both the hyrophobicity index and the hydrophilicity value of amino acids are influenced by the particular side chain of that amino acid. Consistent with that observation, amino acid substitutions that are compatible with biological function are understood to depend on the relative similarity of the amino acids, and particularly the side chains of those amino acids, as revealed by the hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, charge, size, and other properties.

Vector

“Vector” as used herein means a nucleic acid sequence containing an origin of replication. A vector can be a viral vector, bacteriophage, bacterial artificial chromosome or yeast artificial chromosome. A vector can be a DNA or RNA vector. A vector can be a self-replicating extrachromosomal vector, and preferably, is a DNA plasmid.

The present invention provides polypeptide, proteins and nucleic acid sequences that encode any of the polypeptides or proteins of the claimed invention. In some embodiments, the protein comprises at least 75% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the protein comprises at least 75% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and comprises a nucleic acid binding domain at the 12th and 13th amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the proteins or polypeptides of the present invention comprise at least one RVD sequence selected from the following: SI, SN, SH, NP, NH, NT, NK, NN, ND, HN, HY, HD, HH, RN, RS, and GS. In some embodiments, the proteins or polypeptides of the present invention comprise at least one or a plurality of RVD sequences in any combination selected from the following: SI, SN, SH, NP, NH, NT, NK, NN, ND, HN, HY, HD, HH, RN, RS, NG and GS; wherein SI, SN, SH, NP, and NH bind any nucleic acid base; wherein NT, NK, and NN bind adenine; wherein ND, HN, HY, HD, and HH bind adenine and/or guanine; wherein NG binds thymine; wherein RN, RS, and GS bind guanine. In some embodiments, the proteins or polypeptides of the present invention comprise at least one or a plurality of RVD sequences in any combination selected from the following: SI, SN, SH, NP, NH, NT, NK, NN, ND, HN, HY, HD, HH, RN, RS, NG and GS; wherein SI, SN, SH, NP, and NH bind any nucleic acid base; wherein NK binds guanine, and NN binds adenine or guanine; wherein ND, HN, HY, HD, and HH bind cytosine; wherein NG binds thymine; wherein RN, RS, and GS bind guanine. In some embodiments, the proteins or polypeptides of the present invention comprise at least one or a plurality of RVD sequences in any combination selected from the following: SI, SN, SH, NP, NH, NT, NK, NN, ND, HN, HY, HD, HH, RN, RS, NG and GS; wherein SI binds adenine; SN binds guanine and/or adenine, SH, NP, and NH bind any nucleic acid base; wherein NK binds guanine; and NN binds adenine and/or guanine; wherein ND binds cytosine, HN binds guanine, HY, HD, and HH bind cytosine; wherein NG binds thymine; wherein RN binds guanine and/or adenine; wherein RS and GS binds guanine. In some embodiments, the proteins or polypeptides of the present invention comprise at least one or a plurality of RVD sequences in any combination wherein at least one of the RVD sequences is NP, ND, or HN; and wherein NP binds cytosine, adenine, and guanine; wherein ND binds cytosine; and wherein HN binds adenine and/or guanine.

In some embodiments, the protein comprises at least 75% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and comprises a conservative amino acid substitution in at least one of the following amino acid positions in SEQ ID NO:1: position 12 and position 13. In some embodiments, the protein comprises at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and comprises a conservative amino acid substitution in at least one of the following amino acid positions in SEQ ID NO:1: position 12 and position 13. In some embodiments, the protein comprises at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and comprises a conservative amino acid substitution in at least one of the following amino acid positions in SEQ ID NO: 1: position 12 and position 13. In some embodiments, the protein comprises at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and comprises a conservative amino acid substitution in at least one of the following amino acid positions in SEQ ID NO:1: position 12 and position 13. In some embodiments, the protein comprises at least 91% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1, and comprises a conservative amino acid substitution in at least one of the following amino acid positions in SEQ ID NO:1: position 12 and position 13. In some embodiments, the protein comprises at least 92% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1, and comprises a conservative amino acid substitution in at least one of the following amino acid positions in SEQ ID NO:1: position 12 and position 13. In some embodiments, the protein comprises at least 93% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and comprises a conservative amino acid substitution in at least one of the following amino acid positions in SEQ ID NO: 1: position 12 and position 13. In some embodiments, the protein comprises at least 94% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and comprises a conservative amino acid substitution in at least one of the following amino acid positions in SEQ ID NO:1: position 12 and position 13. In some embodiments, the protein comprises at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and comprises a conservative amino acid substitution in at least one of the following amino acid positions in SEQ ID NO:1: position 12 and position 13. In some embodiments, the protein comprises at least 96% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and comprises a conservative amino acid substitution in at least one of the following amino acid positions in SEQ ID NO:1: position 12 and position 13. In some embodiments, the protein comprises at least 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and comprises a conservative amino acid substitution in at least one of the following amino acid positions in SEQ ID NO: 1: position 12 and position 13. In some embodiments, the protein comprises at least 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and comprises a conservative amino acid substitution in at least one of the following amino acid positions in SEQ ID NO:1: position 12 and position 13. In some embodiments, the protein comprises at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and comprises a conservative amino acid substitution in at least one of the following amino acid positions in SEQ ID NO:1: position 12 and position 13.

In some embodiments, the protein comprises at least 75% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1.

In some embodiments, the protein (as nucleic acid, as nucleic acid in a vector, or as purified recombinant protein) comprises at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:2, and comprises at least one of the aforementioned amino acid substitutions in SEQ ID NO:2. In some embodiments, the protein (as nucleic acid, as nucleic acid in a vector, or as purified recombinant protein) comprises at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:2, and comprises at least one of the aforementioned amino acid substitutions in SEQ ID NO:2. In some embodiments, the protein (as nucleic acid, as nucleic acid in a vector, or as purified recombinant protein) comprises at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:2, and comprises at least one of the aforementioned amino acid substitutions in SEQ ID NO:2. In some embodiments, the protein (as nucleic acid, as nucleic acid in a vector, or as purified recombinant protein) comprises at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:2, and comprises at least one of the aforementioned amino acid substitutions in SEQ ID NO:2. In some embodiments, the protein (as nucleic acid, as nucleic acid in a vector, or as purified recombinant protein) comprises at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:2, and comprises at least one of the aforementioned amino acid substitutions in SEQ ID NO:2.

In some embodiments, the protein (encoded by a nucleic acid or as nucleic acid in a vector, or as purified recombinant protein) comprises at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:3, and comprises at least one of the aforementioned amino acid substitutions in SEQ ID NO:3. In some embodiments, the protein (encoded by a nucleic acid or as nucleic acid in a vector, or as purified recombinant protein) comprises at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:3, and comprises at least one of the aforementioned amino acid substitutions in SEQ ID NO:3. In some embodiments, the protein (encoded by a nucleic acid or as nucleic acid in a vector, or as purified recombinant protein) comprises at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:3, and comprises at least one of the aforementioned amino acid substitutions in SEQ ID NO:3. In some embodiments, the protein (encoded by a nucleic acid or as nucleic acid in a vector, or as purified recombinant protein) comprises at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:3, and comprises at least one of the aforementioned amino acid substitutions in SEQ ID NO:3. In some embodiments, the protein (encoded by a nucleic acid or as nucleic acid in a vector, or as purified recombinant protein) comprises at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:3, and comprises at least one of the aforementioned amino acid substitutions in SEQ ID NO:3.

In some embodiments, the protein (encoded by a nucleic acid or as nucleic acid in a vector, or as purified recombinant protein) comprises at least 75% sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO 11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO 14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, and comprises more than one of the aforementioned amino acid substitutions in SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19. In some embodiments, the protein (encoded by a nucleic acid or as nucleic acid in a vector, or as purified recombinant protein) comprises at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, and comprises more than one of the aforementioned amino acid substitutions in SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the protein (as nucleic acid, as nucleic acid in a vector, or as purified recombinant protein) comprises at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, and comprises more than one of the aforementioned amino acid substitutions in any one or more of: SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19. In some embodiments, the protein (as nucleic acid, as nucleic acid in a vector, or as purified recombinant protein) comprises at least 90% sequence identity to any one or more of, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, and comprises more than one of the aforementioned amino acid substitutions in any one or more of, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19. In some embodiments, the protein (as nucleic acid, as nucleic acid in a vector, or as purified recombinant protein) comprises at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, and comprises more than one of the aforementioned amino acid substitutions in any one or more of SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19. In some embodiments, the protein (as nucleic acid, as nucleic acid in a vector, or as purified recombinant protein) comprises at least 99% sequence identity to any one or more of SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, and comprises more than one of the aforementioned amino acid substitutions in any one or more of SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO: 19.

As used herein, “sequence identity” is determined by using the stand-alone executable BLAST engine program for blasting two sequences (bl2seq), which can be retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) ftp site, using the default parameters (Tatusova and Madden, FEMS Microbiol Lett., 1999, 174, 247-250; which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). “Identical” or “identity” as used herein in the context of two or more nucleic acids or polypeptide sequences, means that the sequences have a specified percentage of residues that are the same over a specified region. The percentage can be calculated by optimally aligning the two sequences, comparing the two sequences over the specified region, determining the number of positions at which the identical residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the specified region, and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. In cases where the two sequences are of different lengths or the alignment produces one or more staggered ends and the specified region of comparison includes only a single sequence, the residues of single sequence are included in the denominator but not the numerator of the calculation. When comparing DNA and RNA, thymine (T) and uracil (U) can be considered equivalent. Identity can be performed manually or by using a computer sequence algorithm such as BLAST or BLAST 2.0.

As used herein, “conservative” amino acid substitutions may be defined as set out in Tables A, B, or C below. In some embodiments, fusion polypeptides and/or nucleic acids encoding such fusion polypeptides include conservative substitutions have been introduced by modification of polynucleotides encoding polypeptides of the invention. Amino acids can be classified according to physical properties and contribution to secondary and tertiary protein structure. A conservative substitution is recognized in the art as a substitution of one amino acid for another amino acid that has similar properties. Exemplary conservative substitutions are set out in Table A.

TABLE A Conservative Substitutions I Side Chain Characteristics Amino Acid Aliphatic Non-polar G A P I L V F Polar-uncharged C S T M N Q Polar-charged D E K R Aromatic H F W Y Other N Q D E

Alternately, conservative amino acids can be grouped as described in Lehninger, (Biochemistry, Second Edition; Worth Publishers, Inc. NY, N.Y. (1975), pp. 71-77) as set forth in Table B.

TABLE B Conservative Substitutions II Side Chain Characteristic Amino Acid Non-polar (hydrophobic) Aliphatic: A L I V P Aromatic: F W Y Sulfur-containing: M Borderline: G Y Uncharged-polar Hydroxyl: S T Y Amides: N Q Sulfhydryl: C Borderline: G Y Positively Charged (Basic): K R H Negatively Charged (Acidic: D E

Alternately, exemplary conservative substitutions are set out in Table C.

TABLE C Conservative Substitutions III Original Residue Exemplary Substitution Ala (A) Val Leu Ile Met Arg (R) Lys His Asn (N) Gln Asp (D) Glu Cys (C) Ser Thr Gln (Q) Asn Glu (E) Asp Gly (G) Ala Val Leu Pro His (H) Lys Arg Ile (I) Leu Val Met Ala Phe Leu (L) Ile Val Met Ala Phe Lys (K) Arg His Met (M) Leu Ile Val Ala Phe (F) Trp Tyr Ile Pro (P) Gly Ala Val Leu Ile Ser (S) Thr Thr (T) Ser Trp (W) Tyr Phe Ile Tyr (Y) Trp Phe Thr Ser Val (V) Ile Leu Met Ala

It should be understood that the polypeptides described herein are intended to include polypeptides bearing one or more insertions, deletions, or substitutions, or any combination thereof, of amino acid residues as well as modifications other than insertions, deletions, or substitutions of amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the polypeptides or nucleic acids disclosed herein contain one or more conservative substitution. In some embodiments, the polypeptides or nucleic acids disclosed herein contain more than one conservative substitution.

As used herein, “more than one” of the aforementioned amino acid substitutions means 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 or more of the recited amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, “more than one” means 2, 3, 4, or 5 of the recited amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, “more than one” means 2, 3, or 4 of the recited amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, “more than one” means 2 or 3 of the recited amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, “more than one” means 2 of the recited amino acid substitutions.

As used herein, “endogenous” refers to nucleic acid or protein sequence naturally associated with a target gene or a host cell into which it is introduced.

As used herein, “exogenous” refers to nucleic acid or protein sequence not naturally associated with a target gene or a host cell into which it is introduced, including non-naturally occurring multiple copies of a naturally occurring nucleic acid, e.g., DNA sequence, or naturally occurring nucleic acid sequence located in a non-naturally occurring genome location.

As used herein, “genetically modified plant (or transgenic plant)” refers to a plant which comprises within its genome an exogenous polynucleotide. Generally, and preferably, the exogenous polynucleotide is stably integrated within the genome such that the polynucleotide is passed on to successive generations. The exogenous polynucleotide may be integrated into the genome alone or as part of a recombinant expression cassette. “Transgenic” is used herein to include any cell, cell line, callus, tissue, plant part or plant, the genotype of which has been altered by the presence of exogenous nucleic acid including those trans genies initially so altered as well as those created by sexual crosses or asexual propagation from the initial transgenic. The term “transgenic” as used herein does not encompass the alteration of the genome (chromosomal or extra-chromosomal) by conventional plant breeding methods or by naturally occurring events such as random cross-fertilization, non-recombinant viral infection, non-recombinant bacterial transformation, non-recombinant transposition, or spontaneous mutation.

The term “modifying” as used herein is intended to mean that the sequence is considered modified simply by the binding of the polypeptide. It is not intended to suggest that the sequence of nucleotides is changed, although such changes (and others) could ensue following binding of the polypeptide to the nucleic acid of interest. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence is DNA. Modification of the nucleic acid of interest (in the sense of binding thereto by a polypeptide modified to contain modular repeat units) could be detected in any of a number of methods (e.g. gel mobility shift assays, use of labelled polypeptides—labels could include radioactive, fluorescent, enzyme or biotin/streptavidin labels). Modification of the nucleic acid sequence of interest (and detection thereof) may be all that is required (e.g. in diagnosis of disease). Desirably, however, further processing of the sample is performed. Conveniently the polypeptide (and nucleic acid sequences specifically bound thereto) is separated from the rest of the sample. Advantageously the polypeptide-DNA complex is bound to a solid phase support, to facilitate such separation. For example, the polypeptide may be present in an acrylamide or agarose gel matrix or, more preferably, is immobilised on the surface of a membrane or in the wells of a microtitre plate.

In some embodiments, the fusion proteins of the invention comprise at least two domains, wherein the first domain is a Ralstonia DNA binding element and the second domain is a methylase.

The DNA sequences of the invention can be provided in expression cassettes for expression in any prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell and/or organism of interest including, but not limited to, bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, and animals. The cassette will include 5′ and 3′ regulatory sequences operably linked to a DNA sequence of the invention. “Operably linked” is intended to mean a functional linkage between two or more elements. For example, an operable linkage between a polynucleotide or gene of interest and a regulatory sequence (i.e., a promoter) is functional link that allows for expression of the polynucleotide of interest. Operably linked elements may be contiguous or non-contiguous. When used to refer to the joining of two protein coding regions, by operably linked is intended that the coding regions are in the same reading frame. The cassette may additionally contain at least one additional gene to be cotransformed into the organism. Alternatively, the additional gene(s) can be provided on multiple expression cassettes. Such an expression cassette is provided with a plurality of restriction sites and/or recombination sites for insertion of the DNA sequence to be under the transcriptional regulation of the regulatory regions. The expression cassette may additionally contain selectable marker genes.

The expression cassette will include in the 5′-3′ direction of transcription, a transcriptional and translational initiation region (i.e., a promoter), a DNA sequence of the invention, and a transcriptional and translational termination region (i.e., termination region) functional in plants or other organism or non-human host cell. The regulatory regions (i.e., promoters, transcriptional regulatory regions, and translational termination regions) and/or the DNA sequence of the invention may be native/analogous to the host cell or to each other. Alternatively, the regulatory regions and/or DNA sequence of the invention may be heterologous to the host cell or to each other. As used herein, “heterologous” in reference to a sequence is a sequence that originates from a foreign species, or, if from the same species, is substantially modified from its native form in composition and/or genomic locus by deliberate human intervention. For example, a promoter operably linked to a heterologous polynucleotide is from a species different from the species from which the polynucleotide was derived, or, if from the same/analogous species, one or both are substantially modified from their original form and/or genomic locus, or the promoter is not the native promoter for the operably linked polynucleotide. As used herein, a chimeric gene comprises a coding sequence operably linked to a transcription initiation region that is heterologous to the coding sequence.

The termination region may be native with the transcriptional initiation region, may be native with the operably linked DNA sequence of interest, may be native with the host, or may be derived from another source (i.e., foreign or heterologous) to the promoter, the DNA sequence of interest, the plant host, or any combination thereof. Convenient termination regions for use in plants are available from the Ti-plasmid of A. tumefaciens, such as the octopine synthase and nopaline synthase termination regions. See also Guerineau et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 262: 141-144; Proudfoot (1991) Cell 64:671-674; Sanfacon et al. (1991) Genes Dev. 5: 141-149; Mogen et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2: 1261-1272; Munroe et al. (1990) Gene 91: 151-158; Ballas et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:7891-7903; and Joshi et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res. 15:9627-9639.

Where appropriate, the polynucleotides may be optimized for increased expression in a transformed organism. That is, the polynucleotides can be synthesized using codons preferred by the host for improved expression. See, for example, Campbell and Gown (1990) Plant Physiol. 92: 1-11 for a discussion of host-preferred codon usage. Methods are available in the art for synthesizing host-preferred gene, particularly plant-preferred genes. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,380,831, and 5,436,391, and Murray et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:477-498, herein incorporated by reference.

Additional sequence modifications are known to enhance gene expression in a cellular host. These include elimination of sequences encoding spurious polyadenylation signals, exon-intron splice site signals, transposon-like repeats, and other such well-characterized sequences that may be deleterious to gene expression. The G-C content of the sequence may be adjusted to levels average for a given cellular host, as calculated by reference to known genes expressed in the host cell. When possible, the sequence is modified to avoid predicted hairpin secondary mRNA structures.

The expression cassettes may additionally contain 5′ leader sequences. Such leader sequences can act to enhance translation. Translation leaders are known in the art and include: picornavirus leaders, for example, EMCV leader (Encephalomyocarditis 5′ noncoding region) (Elroy-Stein et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6126-6130); potyvirus leaders, for example, TEV leader (Tobacco Etch Virus) (Gallie et al. (1995) Gene 165(2):233-238), MDMV leader (Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus) (Virology 154:9-20), and human immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein (BiP) (Macejak et al. (1991) Nature 353:90-94); untranslated leader from the coat protein mRNA of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV RNA 4) (Tabling et al. (1987) Nature 325:622-625); tobacco mosaic virus leader (TMV) (Gallie et al. (1989) in Molecular Biology of RNA, ed. Cech (Liss, New York), pp. 237-256); and maize chlorotic mottle virus leader (MCMV) (Lommel et al. (1991) Virology 81:382-385). See also, Della-Cioppa et al. (1987) Plant Physiol. 84:965-968.

In preparing the expression cassette, the various DNA fragments may be manipulated, so as to provide for the DNA sequences in the proper orientation and, as appropriate, in the proper reading frame. Toward this end, adapters or linkers may be employed to join the DNA fragments or other manipulations may be involved to provide for convenient restriction sites, removal of superfluous DNA, removal of restriction sites, or the like. For this purpose, in vitro mutagenesis, primer repair, restriction, annealing, resubstitutions, e.g., transitions and transversions, may be involved.

The invention encompasses isolated or substantially purified polynucleotide or protein compositions. An “isolated” or “purified” polynucleotide or protein, or biologically active portion thereof, is substantially or essentially free from components that normally accompany or interact with the polynucleotide or protein as found in its naturally occurring environment. Thus, an isolated or purified polynucleotide or protein is substantially free of other cellular material or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. Optimally, an “isolated” polynucleotide is free of sequences (optimally protein encoding sequences) that naturally flank the polynucleotide (i.e., sequences located at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the polynucleotide) in the genomic DNA of the organism from which the polynucleotide is derived. For example, in various embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide can contain less than about 5 kb, 4 kb, 3 kb, 2 kb, 1 kb, 0.5 kb, or 0.1 kb of nucleotide sequence that naturally flank the polynucleotide in genomic DNA of the cell from which the polynucleotide is derived. A protein that is substantially free of cellular material includes preparations of protein having less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% (by dry weight) of contaminating protein. When the protein of the invention or biologically active portion thereof is recombinantly produced, optimally culture medium represents less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% (by dry weight) of chemical precursors or non-protein-of-interest chemicals.

Fragments and variants of the disclosed DNA sequences and proteins encoded thereby are also encompassed by the present invention. By “fragment” is intended a portion of the DNA sequence or a portion of the amino acid sequence and hence protein encoded thereby. Fragments of a DNA sequence comprising coding sequences may encode protein fragments that retain biological activity of the native protein and hence DNA recognition or binding activity to a target DNA sequence as herein described. Alternatively, fragments of a DNA sequence that are useful as hybridization probes generally do not encode proteins that retain biological activity or do not retain promoter activity. Thus, fragments of a DNA sequence may range from at least about 20 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, about 100 nucleotides, and up to the full-length polynucleotide of the invention.

In some embodiments, the protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, and/or SEQ ID NO:19. In some embodiments any one of the polypeptide sequences SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, and/or SEQ ID NO:19 is repeated at least once. In some embodiments, the polypeptide does not comprise any of the sequences in Table 1. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises a single sequence in Table 1 but does not comprise at least one or more of the alternative sequences in Table 1. In some embodiments, the alternative sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO: 19.

The present invention also provides nucleic acids encoding any one of the polypeptide proteins described herein. Thus, the present invention provides nucleic acids encoding a protein that comprises at least 75% (or 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encodes a protein that comprises at least 75% (or 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1, where X₁X₂ are any combination of naturally occurring to non-naturally occurring amino acids.

Given the redundancy in the genetic code, one skilled in the art could generate numerous nucleotide sequences that encode any particular protein. All such nucleotides sequences are contemplated herein.

The present invention also provides vectors comprising any of the aforementioned nucleic acids. Thus, the present invention provides vectors comprising a nucleic acid that encodes a protein that comprises at least 75% (or 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. The present invention provides vectors comprising a nucleic acid that encodes at least one protein that comprises at least 75% (or 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and comprises at least one RVD sequence at its 12^(th) and 13^(th) amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 1 selected from the following: SI, SN, SH, NP, NH, NT, NK, NN, ND, HN, HY, HD, HH, RN, RS, and GS. In some embodiments, the proteins or polypeptides of the present invention comprise at least one or a plurality of RVD sequences in any combination selected from the following: SI, SN, SH, NP, NH, NT, NK, NN, ND, HN, HY, HD, HH, RN, RS, NG and GS; wherein SI, SN, SH, NP, and NH bind any nucleic acid base; wherein NT, NK, and NN bind adenine; wherein ND, HN, HY, HD, and HH bind adenine and/or guanine; wherein NG binds thymine; wherein RN, RS, and GS bind guanine. In some embodiments, NK binds to guanine, NG binds to thymine, NN binds to guanine or adenine, and or/HD binds cytosine. In some embodiments SI binds adenine, SN binds guanine or adenine, ND binds cytosine, HN binds guanine, and/or RN binds guanine or adenine.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises at least a first and a second domain, wherein the first domain comprises at least one polypeptide monomer that comprises a single RVD sequence described above. In some embodiments, the first domain comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 or more monomers, wherein each monomer comprises a single nucleic acid binding domain consisting of two amino acids, or RVD. In some embodiments of the invention, the first domain comprises at least two monomers wherein each monomer is separated by a spacer of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 or more amino acids.

In some embodiments, the second domain comprises another function complementary to the nucleic acid binding conferred by the presence first domain. In some embodiments, the second domain is a nuclease or functional fragment of a nuclease. In some embodiments, the second domain is an endonuclease or functional fragment of an endonuclease. In some embodiments, the second domain is a nickase or functional fragment of a nickase. In some embodiments, the second domain is a repressor or functional fragment of a repressor. In some embodiments, the second domain is a transcriptional activator or functional fragment of a transcriptional activator.

In some embodiments, the vector comprises a nucleic acid that comprises a sequence that encodes one or more of each polypeptide described herein. In some embodiments, the vector comprises a nucleic acid that comprises a sequence that encodes one or more of each polypeptides chosen from: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO: 19.

In some embodiments, the vector is a plasmid. In other embodiments, the vector is a retrovirus. In some embodiments, the vector is a linear DNA molecule. In some embodiments, the retrovirus comprises long terminal repeats, a psi packaging signal, a cloning site, and a sequence encoding a selectable marker. In some embodiments, the vector is a viral vector, such as pLXIN (Clontech).

The present invention also provides cells or organisms comprising any of the aforementioned nucleic acids. Thus, the present invention provides cells or organisms comprising a nucleic acid that encodes a protein that comprises at least 75% (or 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. The present invention provides cells or organisms comprising a nucleic acid that encodes a protein that comprises at least 75% (or 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) sequence identity to any one or more of the following polypetides in any combination: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO 17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO:19. The present invention provides cells or organisms comprising a nucleic acid that encodes a protein that comprises at least 75% (or 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) sequence identity to any one or more of the following polypetides in any combination: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO:19; and comprises at least one mutation at at least one of the RVD domains at position 12 and 13 of any of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO:19. The present invention provides cells or organisms comprising a nucleic acid mutated by contact with a protein that comprises at least 75% (or 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) sequence identity to any one or more of the following polypetides in any combination: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO:19; and comprises at least one mutation at at least one of the RVD domains at position 12 and 13 of any of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO:19. In some embodiments, the cells or organisms comprise a nucleic acid that encodes a protein that comprises a nucleic acid sequence with at least 75% (or 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the polypeptide or protein of the claimed invention comprises multiple repeat domains, wherein at least one repeat domain comprises a nucleic acid sequence with at least 75% (or 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1-19 or a variant thereof that has 75% (or 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1-19.

In some embodiments, the cell comprises any of the aforementioned vectors or nucleic acid sequences.

In one aspect of the invention, the polypeptides of the invention comprise monomer subunits, wherein at least one monomer subunit comprises at least one amino acid sequence derived from Ralstonia that comprises a nucleotide recognition element. In some embodiments, the polypeptides of the invention comprise monomer subunits, wherein at least one monomer subunit comprises at least one amino acid sequence derived from Ralstonia that comprises a nucleotide recognition element that comprises at least 75% (or 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%) sequence identity to any one or more of the following polypetides: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO:19. In some embodiments, the polypeptides of the invention comprise monomer subunits, wherein at least one monomer subunit comprises at least one amino acid sequence derived from Ralstonia that comprises a nucleotide recognition element that consist of at least 75% (or 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%) sequence identity to any one or more of the following polypetides: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO:19. In some embodiments, nucleic acid molecules of the present invention comprise a nucleic acid sequence that encodes one or more monomer subunits, wherein the one or more monomer subunits, when encoded, comprise two or more, three of more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, or twelve or more sequential monomers, each monomer comprising at least one amino acid sequence derived from Ralstonia that comprises a nucleotide recognition element. In some embodiments, nucleic acid molecules of the present invention comprise a nucleic acid sequence that encodes one or more monomer subunits, wherein the one or more monomer subunits, when encoded, comprise two or more, three of more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, or twelve or more sequential monomers, each monomer comprising at least one amino acid sequence derived from Ralstonia that comprises a nucleotide recognition element consisting of at least 75% (or 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%) sequence identity to any one or more of the following polypetides: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO:19 or any variant or analog thereof. In some embodiments, the protein comprises one or more nucleic acid sequences that encode one or more polypeptide sequences comprising a nucleic acid recognition element derived from Ralstonia and one or more nucleic acid sequences that encode one or more polypeptide sequences comprising a nucleic acid recognition element derived from Xanthamonus. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises successive, independently variable monomer subunits that are DNA recognition elements, wherein at least one or more of the monomer subunits are derived from a Ralstonia sequence disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the invention relates to a fusion protein comprising successive, independently variable monomer subunits that are DNA recognition elements, wherein at least one or more of the monomer subunits are derived from a Ralstonia sequence disclosed in Table 1. In some embodiments, the invention relates to a fusion protein comprising successive, monomer subunits that are DNA recognition elements, wherein the fusion protein comprises a combination of successive polypeptides chosen from at least one of the following polypeptide sequences: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO: 19 or any variant or analog thereof. In some embodiments, the invention relates to a fusion protein comprising successive, monomer subunits that are DNA recognition elements, wherein the fusion protein comprises a combination of successive polypeptides chosen from at least one of the following polypeptide sequences: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO:19 or any variant or analog thereof, wherein each monomer binds one nucleotide of a DNA target sequence. In some embodiments, the invention relates to a fusion protein comprising successive, monomer subunits that are DNA recognition elements, wherein the fusion protein comprises a combination of successive polypeptides chosen from at least one of the following polypeptide sequences: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO:19 or any variant or analog thereof that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% percent homologous thereof, wherein each monomer binds one nucleotide of a DNA target sequence in the presence of a nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the invention relates to a fusion protein comprising successive, monomer subunits that are DNA recognition elements, wherein the fusion protein comprises a combination of successive polypeptides chosen from at least one of the following polypeptide sequences: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO:19 or any variant or analog thereof that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% percent homologous thereof, wherein each monomer binds one nucleotide of a DNA target sequence in the presence of a nucleic acid sequence, wherein the fusion protein further comprises at least one polypeptide sequence that is an effector protein/polypeptide. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises a first domain that binds a DNA target sequence and a second domain that has an effector function. In some embodiments, the invention relates to a fusion protein comprising successive, monomer subunits that are DNA recognition elements, wherein the fusion protein comprises a combination of successive polypeptides chosen from at least one of the following polypeptide sequences: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO:19 or any variant or analog thereof that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% percent homologous thereof, wherein each monomer binds one nucleotide of a DNA target sequence in the presence of a nucleic acid sequence, wherein the fusion protein further comprises at least one polypeptide sequence that is an effector protein/polypeptide. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises a first domain that binds a DNA target sequence and a second domain that has a nuclease function. In some embodiments, the invention relates to a fusion protein comprising successive, monomer subunits that are DNA recognition elements, wherein the fusion protein comprises a combination of successive polypeptides chosen from at least one of the following polypeptide sequences: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO:19 or any variant or analog thereof that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% percent homologous thereof, wherein each monomer binds one nucleotide of a DNA target sequence in the presence of a nucleic acid sequence, wherein the fusion protein further comprises at least one polypeptide sequence that is an effector protein/polypeptide. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises a first domain that binds a DNA target sequence and a second domain that has a nickase or ligase function. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises a first domain that binds a DNA target sequence and a second domain that has a nuclease function. In some embodiments, the invention relates to a fusion protein comprising successive, monomer subunits that are DNA recognition elements, wherein the fusion protein comprises any combination of successive polypeptides chosen from at least one of the following polypeptide sequences: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO:19 or any variant or analog thereof that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% percent homologous thereof, wherein each monomer binds one nucleotide of a DNA target sequence in the presence of a nucleic acid sequence, and wherein the fusion protein further comprises at least one polypeptide sequence that is an effector protein/polypeptide. In some embodiments, the invention relates to a fusion protein comprising successive, monomer subunits that are DNA recognition elements, wherein the fusion protein comprises any combination of successive polypeptides chosen from at least one of the following polypeptide sequences: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO:19 or any variant or analog thereof that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% percent homologous thereof, wherein each monomer binds one nucleotide of a DNA target sequence in the presence of a nucleic acid sequence, and wherein the fusion protein further comprises at least one polypeptide sequence that is an effector protein/polypeptide and further comprises at least one polypeptide sequence that has any disclosed effector protein function. In some embodiments, the invention relates to a fusion protein comprising successive, monomer subunits that are DNA recognition elements, wherein the fusion protein comprises any combination of successive polypeptides chosen from at least one of the following polypeptide sequences: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO: 19 or any variant or analog thereof that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% percent homologous thereof, wherein each monomer binds one nucleotide of a DNA target sequence in the presence of a nucleic acid sequence, and wherein the fusion protein further comprises at least two polypeptide sequences that comprise an effector protein/polypeptide function or that are effector proteins or variants thereof. In some embodiments, the invention relates to a fusion protein comprising successive, monomer subunits that are DNA recognition elements, wherein the fusion protein comprises any combination of successive polypeptides chosen from at least one of the following polypeptide sequences: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO:19 or any variant or analog thereof that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% percent homologous thereof, wherein each monomer binds one nucleotide of a DNA target sequence in the presence of a nucleic acid sequence, and wherein the fusion protein further comprises at least three or more polypeptide sequences that comprise an effector/protein function. In some embodiments, the invention relates to a fusion protein comprising successive, monomer subunits that are DNA recognition elements, wherein the fusion protein comprises any combination of successive polypeptides chosen from at least one of the following polypeptide sequences: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO:19 or any variant or analog thereof that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% percent homologous thereof, wherein each monomer binds one nucleotide of a DNA target sequence in the presence of a nucleic acid sequence, and wherein the fusion protein further comprises at least four or more polypeptide sequences that comprise effector protein/polypeptide.

Nucleic acids or proteins of the present invention can be constructed by a modular approach by preassembling monomer units and/or repeat units in target vectors that can subsequently be assembled into a final destination vector. In one aspect of the invention, the polypeptides of the invention comprise repeat monomers of the present invention and can be constructed by a modular approach by preassembling repeat units in target vectors that can subsequently be assembled into a final destination vector. The invention provides the polypeptide produced this method as well as nucleic acid sequences encoding the polypeptides and host organisms and cells comprising such DNA sequences.

Techniques to specifically modify DNA sequences in order to obtain a specified codon for a specific amino acid are known in the art. Methods for mutagenesis and polynucleotide alterations have been widely described. See, for example, Kunkel (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:488-492; Kunkel et al. (1987) Methods in Enzymol. 154:367-382; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,192; Walker and Gaastra, eds. (1983) Techniques in Molecular Biology (MacMillan Publishing Company, New York) and the references cited therein. All these publications are herein incorporated by reference.

The following examples provide methods for constructing new repeat units and testing the specific binding activities of artificially constructed repeat units specifically recognizing base pairs in a target DNA sequence. The number of repeat units to be used in a repeat domain can be ascertained by one skilled in the art by routine experimentation. Generally, at least 1.5 repeat units are considered as a minimum, although typically at least about 8 repeat units will be used. The repeat units do not have to be complete repeat units, as repeat units of half the size can be used. Moreover, the methods and polypeptides disclosed herein do depend on repeat domains with a particular number of repeat units. Thus, a polypeptide of the invention can comprise, for example, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 11, 11.5, 12, 12.5, 13, 13.5, 14, 14.5, 15, 15.5, 16, 16.5, 17, 17.5, 18, 18.5, 19, 19.5, 20, 20.5, 21, 21.5, 22, 22.5, 23, 23.5, 24, 24.5, 25, 25.5, 26, 26.5, 27, 27.5, 28, 28.5, 29, 29.5, 30, 30.5, 31, 31.5, 32, 32.5, 33, 33.5, 34, 34.5, 35, 35.5, 36, 36.5, 37, 37.5, 38, 38.5, 39, 39.5, 40, 40.5, 41, 41.5, 42, 42.5, 43, 43.5, 44, 44.5, 46, 46.5, 47, 47.5, 48, 48.5, 49, 49.5, 50, 50.5 or more repeat units.

In the present invention, polypeptides can be designed which comprise a repeat domain with repeat units wherein in the repeat units hypervariable regions are included which determine recognition of a base pair in a target DNA sequence. In one embodiment of the invention, each repeat unit includes a hypervariable region which determine recognition of one base pair in a target DNA sequence. In a further embodiment, 1 or 2 repeat units in a repeat domain are included which do not specifically recognize a base pair in a target DNA sequence. Considering the recognition code found by the inventors, a modular arrangement of repeat units is feasible wherein each repeat unit is responsible for the specific recognition of one base pair in a target DNA sequence. Consequently, a sequence of repeat units corresponds to a sequence of base pairs in a target DNA sequence so that 1 repeat unit matches to one base pair.

The present invention provides a method for selectively recognizing a base pair in a target DNA sequence by a polypeptide wherein said polypeptide comprises at least one repeat domain comprising repeat units wherein in said repeat units each comprise at least one RVD region which determines recognition of a base pair or nucleotide in said target DNA sequence. More specifically, the inventors have determined those amino acids in a DNA-binding polypeptide responsible for selective recognition of base pairs in a target DNA sequence. With elucidation of the recognition code, a general principle for recognizing specific base pairs in a target DNA sequence by selected amino acids in a polypeptide has been determined. The inventors have found that distinct types of monomers that are part of a repeat unit array (or polymer) of varying amino acid length have the capacity to recognize one defined/specific base pair. Within each repeat unit forming a repeat domain, a RVD region is responsible for the specific recognition of a base pair in a target DNA sequence.

Thus, the present invention provides not only a method for selectively recognizing a base pair in a target DNA sequence by a polypeptide comprising at least one repeat domain comprising repeat units but also methods wherein target DNA sequences can be generated which are selectively recognized by repeat domains in a polypeptide. These polypeptides are useful for molecular biology tools in order to clone, mutagenize or otherwise alter an isolated nucleic acid sequence or other in vivo sequence in a laboratory. This provides an efficient means of selective mutagenesis.

The invention also provides for a method for constructing and/or making polypeptides that recognize specific DNA sequences. These polypeptides of the invention comprise repeat monomers of the present invention and can be constructed by a modular approach by preassembling repeat units in target vectors that can subsequently be assembled into a final destination vector. In some embodiments, the DNA constructs are codon optimized to recombinantly produce and/or secrete the polypeptides disclosed herein. Any recombinant system in the art can be used to produce the recombinant protein. Examples include baculovirus cells, other eukaryotic cells such as mammalian cells, or bacterial cells.

Provided that a target DNA sequence is known and to which recognition by a protein is desired, the person skilled in the art is able to specifically construct a modular series of repeat units, including specific recognition amino acid sequences, and assemble these repeat units into a polypeptide in the appropriate order to enable recognition of and binding to the desired target DNA sequence. Any polypeptide can be modified by being combined with a modular repeat unit DNA-binding domain of the present invention. Such examples include polypeptides that are transcription activator and repressor proteins, resistance-mediating proteins, nucleases, topoisomerases, ligases, integrases, recombinases, resolvases, methylases, acetylases, demethylases, deacetylases, and any other polypeptide capable of modifying DNA, RNA, or proteins.

The modular repeat unit DNA-binding domain of the present invention can be combined with cell compartment localisation signals such as nuclear localisation signals, to function at any other regulatory regions, including but not limited to, transcriptional regulatory regions and translational termination regions.

In a further embodiment of the invention, these modularly designed repeat units are combined with an endonuclease domain capable of cleaving DNA when brought into proximity with DNA as a result of binding by the repeat domain. Such endonucleo lytic breaks are known to stimulate the rate of homologous recombination in eukaryotes, including fungi, plants, and animals. The ability to simulate homologous recombination at a specific site as a result of a site-specific endonucleolytic break allows the recovery of transformed cells that have integrated a DNA sequence of interest at the specific site, at a much higher frequency than is possible without having made the site-specific break. In addition, endonucleolytic breaks such as those caused by polypeptides formed from a repeat domain and an endonuclease domain are sometimes repaired by the cellular DNA metabolic machinery in a way that alters the sequence at the site of the break, for instance by causing a short insertion or deletion at the site of the break compared to the unaltered sequence. These sequence alterations can cause inactivation of the function of a gene or protein, for instance by altering a protein-coding sequence to make a non-functional protein, modifying a splice site so that a gene transcript is not properly cleaved, making a non-functional transcript, changing the promoter sequence of a gene so that it can no longer by appropriately transcribed, etc. Breaking DNA using site specific endonucleases can increase the rate of homologous recombination in the region of the breakage. In some embodiments, the Fok I (Flavobacterium okeanokoites) endonuclease may be utilized in an effector to induce DNA breaks. The Fok I endonuclease domain functions independently of the DNA binding domain and cuts a double stranded DNA typically as a dimer (Li et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 89 (10):4275-4279, and Kim et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 93 (3): 1156-1160; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties). A single-chain FokI dimer has also been developed and could also be utilized (Mino et al. (2009) J. Biotechnol. 140: 156-161). An effector could be constructed that contains a repeat domain for recognition of a desired target DNA sequence as well as a FokI endonuclease domain to induce DNA breakage at or near the target DNA sequence similar to previous work done employing zinc finger nucleases (Townsend et al. (2009) Nature 459:442-445; Shukla et al. (2009) Nature 459, 437-441, all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties). Utilization of such effectors could enable the generation of targeted changes in genomes which include additions, deletions and other modifications, analogous to those uses reported for zinc finger nucleases as per Bibikova et al. (2003) Science 300, 764; Urnov et al. (2005) Nature 435, 646; Wright et al. (2005) The Plant Journal 44:693-705; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,163,824 and 7,001,768, all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.

The FokI endonuclease domain can be cloned by PCR from the genomic DNA of the marine bacteria Flavobacterium okeanokoites (ATCC) prepared by standard methods. The sequence of the FokI endonuclease is available on Pubmed (Ace. No. M28828 and Acc. No J04623, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties). The I-Sce I endonuclease from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used to produce DNA breaks that increase the rate of homologous recombination. I-Sce I is an endonuclease encoded by a mitochondrial intron which has an 18 bp recognition sequence, and therefore a very low frequency of recognition sites within a given DNA, even within large genomes (Thierry et al. (1991) Nucleic Acids Res. 19 (1): 189-190; the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). The infrequency of cleavage sites recognized by I-SceI makes it suitable to use for enhancing homologous recombination. Additional description regarding the use of I-Sce I to induce said DNA breaks can be found in U.S. Pat. Appl. 20090305402, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The recognition site for I-Sce I has been introduced into a range of different systems. Subsequent cutting of this site with I-Sce I increases homologous recombination at the position where the site has been introduced. Enhanced frequencies of homologous recombination have been obtained with I-Sce I sites introduced into the extra-chromosomal DNA in Xenopus oocytes, the mouse genome, and the genomic DNA of the tobacco plant Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. See, for example, Segal et al. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (3):806-810; Choulika et al. (1995) Mol. Cell Biol. 15 (4): 1968-1973; and Puchta et al. (1993) Nucleic Acids Res. 21 (22):5034-5040; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. It will be appreciated that any other endonuclease domain that works with heterologous DNA binding domains can be utilized in an effector and that the I-Sce I endonuclease is one such non-limiting example. The limitation of the use of endonucleases that have a DNA recognition and binding domain such as I-Sce I is that the recognition site has to be introduced by standard methods of homologous recombination at the desired location prior to the use of said endonuclease to enhance homologous recombination at that site, if such site is not already present in the desired location. Methods have been reported that enable the design and synthesis of novel endonucleases, such as by modifying known endonucleases or making chimeric versions of one or more such endonucleases, that recognize novel target DNA sequences, thus paving the way for generation of such engineered endonuclease domains to cleave endogenous target DNA sequences of interest (Chevalier et al. (2002) Molecular Cell 10:895-905; WO2007/060495; WO2009/095793; Fajardo-Sanchez et al. (2008) Nucleic Acids Res. 36:2163-2173, both of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties). As such, it could be envisioned that such endonuclease domains could be similarly engineered so as to render the DNA-binding activity non-functional but leaving the DNA cleaving function active and to utilize said similarly engineered endonuclease cleavage domain in an effector to induce DNA breaks similar to the use of FokI above. In such applications, target DNA sequence recognition would preferably be provided by the repeat domain of the effector but DNA cleavage would be accomplished by the engineered endonuclease domain.

As mentioned above, an effector includes a repeat domain with specific recognition for a desired specific target sequence. In preferred embodiments, the effector specifically binds to an endogenous chromosomal DNA sequence. The specific nucleic acid sequence or more preferably specific endogenous chromosomal sequence can be any sequence in a nucleic acid region where it is desired to enhance homologous recombination. For example, the nucleic acid region may be a region which contains a gene in which it is desired to introduce a mutation, such as a point mutation or deletion, or a region into which it is desired to introduce a gene conferring a desired phenotype.

Further embodiments relate to methods of generating a modified plant in which a desired addition has been introduced. The methods can include obtaining a plant cell that includes an endogenous target DNA sequence into which it is desired to introduce a modification; generating a double-stranded cut within the endogenous target DNA sequence with an effector that includes a repeat domain that binds to an endogenous target DNA sequence and an endonuclease domain; introducing an exogenous nucleic acid that includes a sequence homologous to at least a portion of the endogenous target DNA into the plant cell under conditions which permit homologous recombination to occur between the exogenous nucleic acid and the endogenous target DNA sequence; and generating a plant from the plant cell in which homologous recombination has occurred. Other embodiments relate to genetically modified cells and plants made according to the method described above and herein. It should be noted that the target DNA sequence could be artificial or naturally occurring. It will be appreciated that such methods could be used in any organism (such non-limiting organisms to include animals, humans, fungi, oomycetes bacteria and viruses) using techniques and methods known in the art and utilized for such purposes in such organisms.

In a further embodiment of the invention, these modularly designed repeat domains are combined with one or more domains responsible for the modulation or control of the expression of a gene, for instance of plant genes, animal genes, fungal genes, oomycete genes, viral genes, or human genes. Methods for modulating gene expression by generating DNA-binding polypeptides containing zinc finger domains is known in the art (U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,285,416, 7,521,241, 7,361,635, 7,273,923, 7,262,054, 7,220,719, 7,070,934, 7,013,219, 6,979,539, 6,933, 113, 6,824,978, each of which is hereby herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). For instance, these effectors of the Ralstonia-like family are modified in order to bind to specific target DNA sequences. Such polypeptides might for instance be transcription activators or repressor proteins of transcription which are modified by the method of the present invention to specifically bind to genetic control regions in a promoter of or other regulatory region for a gene of interest in order to activate, repress or otherwise modulate transcription of said gene.

In a still further embodiment of the invention, the target DNA sequences are modified in order to be specifically recognized by a naturally occurring repeat domain or by a modified repeat domain. As one example, the target DNA sequences for members of the Ralstonia-like family can be inserted into promoters to generate novel controllable promoters that can be induced by the corresponding effector. Secondary inducible systems can be constructed using a trans-activator and a target gene, wherein the trans-activator is a polypeptide wherein said polypeptide comprises at least a repeat domain comprising repeat units of the present invention that bind to said target gene and induce expression. The trans-activator and the target gene can be introduced into one cell line but may also be present in different cell lines and later be introgressed. In a further embodiment, disease-resistant plants can be constructed by inserting the target DNA sequence of a repeat domain containing polypeptide of the present invention in front of a gene which after expression leads to a defense reaction of the plant by activating a resistance-mediating gene.

In a further embodiment, custom DNA-binding polypeptides can be constructed by rearranging repeat unit types thus allowing the generation of repeat domains with novel target DNA binding specificity. Individual repeat units are nearly identical at the DNA level which precludes classical cloning strategies. The present invention provides a quick and inexpensive strategy to assemble custom polypeptides with repeat domains of the present invention. To improve cloning versatility such polypeptides, a two-step assembly method was designed. This method was used to assemble polypeptides with novel repeat types to study their target DNA recognition and binding specificity.

Summarily, any DNA sequence can be modified to enable binding by a repeat domain containing polypeptide of the present invention by introducing base pairs into any DNA region or specific regions of a gene or a genetic control element to specifically target a polypeptide having a repeat domain comprised of repeat units that will bind said modified DNA sequence in order to facilitate specific recognition and binding to each other.

In some embodiments, polypeptides can be synthetically manufactured using known amino acid chemistries familiar to one of ordinary skill in organic chemistry synthesis. Such procedures include both solution and solid phase procedures, e.g., using either Boc and Fmoc methodologies. The compounds of the invention may be synthesized using solid phase synthesis techniques. Fmoc-N-Protected β-amino acids can be used to synthesize poly-α/β-peptides by conventional manual solid-phase synthesis procedures under standard conditions on any number of solid supports, including ortho-chloro-trityl chloride resin. Esterification of Fmoc-β-amino acids with the ortho-chloro-trityl resin can be performed according to the method of Barlos et. al., Tetrahedron Lett, 1989, 30, 3943. The resin (150 mg, 1.05 mmol Cl) is swelled in 2 ml CH₂Cl₂ for 10 min. A solution of the Fmoc-protected β-amino acid in CH₂Cl₂ and iPr₂EtN are then added successively and the suspension is mixed under argon for 4 h. Subsequently, the resin is filtered and washed with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/iPr₂EtN (17:2: 1, 3×3 min), CH₂Cl₂ (3×3 min), DMF (2×3 min), CH₂Cl₂ (3×3 min), and MeOH (2×3 min). The substitution of the resin is determined on a 3 mg sample by measuring the absorbance of the dibenzofulvene adduct at 300 nm. The Fmoc group is removed using 20% piperidine in DMF (4 ml, 2×20 min) under Ar bubbling. The resin is then filtered and washed with DMF (6×3 min). For each coupling step, a solution of the β-amino acid (3 equiv.), BOP (3 equiv.) and HOBT (3 equiv.) in DMF (2 ml) and iPr₂EtN (9 eq) are added successively to the resin and the suspension is mixed for 1 h under Ar. Monitoring of the coupling reaction is performed with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-sulfonic acid (TNBS) (W. S. Hancock and J. E. Battersby, Anal. Biochem. (1976), 71, 260). In the case of a positive TNBS test (indicating incomplete coupling), the suspension is allowed to react for a further 1 h. The resin is then filtered and washed with DMF (3×3 min) prior to the following Fmoc deprotection step. After the removal of the last Fmoc protecting group, the resin is washed with DMF (6×3 min), CH₂Cl₂ (3×3 min), Et₂O (3×3 min) and dried under vacuum for 3 h. Finally the peptides are cleaved from the resin using 2% TFA in CH₂Cl₂ (2 ml, 5×15 min) under Ar. The solvent is removed and the oily residues are triturated in ether to give the crude polypeptides. The compounds are further purified by HPLC.

The invention also provides a method for targeted modulation of gene expression by constructing modular repeat units specific for a target DNA sequence of interest, modifying a polypeptide by the addition of said repeat monomers so as to enable said polypeptide to now recognize the target DNA, introducing or expressing said modified polypeptide in a prokaryotic or eurkaryotic cell so as to enable said modified polypeptide to recognize the target DNA sequence, and modulation of the expression of said target gene in said cell as a result of such recognition.

The invention also provides a method for directed modification of a target DNA sequence by the construction of a polypeptide including at least a repeat domain of the present invention that recognizes said target DNA sequence and that said polypeptide also contains a functional domain capable of modifying the target DNA (such as via site specific recombination, restriction or integration of donor target sequences) thereby enabling targeted DNA modifications in complex genomes.

The invention further provides for the production of modified polypeptides including at least a repeat domain comprising repeat units wherein a hypervariable region within each of the repeat units determines selective recognition of a base pair in a target DNA sequence. In a further embodiment of the invention, DNA is provided which encodes for a polypeptide containing a repeat domain as described above.

In another embodiment of the invention, DNA is provided which is modified to include one or more base pairs located in a target DNA sequence so that each of the said base pairs can be specifically recognized by a polypeptide including a repeat domain having corresponding repeat units, each repeat unit comprising a hypervariable region which determines recognition of the corresponding base pair in said DNA.

In a still another embodiment of the invention, uses of those polypeptides and DNAs are provided. Additionally provided are plants, plant parts, seeds, plant cells and other non-human host cells transformed with the isolated nucleic acid molecules of the present invention and the proteins or polypeptides encoded by the coding sequences of the present invention. Still further, the polypeptides and DNA described herein can be introduced into animal and human cells as well as cells of other organisms like fungi or plants. In summary, the invention focuses on a method for selectively recognizing base pairs in a target DNA sequence by a polypeptide wherein said polypeptide comprises at least a repeat domain comprising repeat units wherein each repeat unit contains a hypervariable region which determines recognition of a base pair in said target DNA sequence wherein consecutive repeat units correspond to consecutive base pairs in said target DNA sequence. In some embodiments, the invention relates to a human cell comprising any one or combination of proteins or nucleic acid sequences disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the invention relates to cells such as a human cell comprising a mutation, heterologous gene, variant or other genetic modification caused by introduction of one or more nucleic acids or polypeptides disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the invention relates to cells such as a non-human animal cell comprising a mutation, heterologous gene, variant or other genetic modification caused by introduction of one or more nucleic acids or polypeptides disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the invention relates to cells such as an insect cell comprising a mutation, heterologous gene, variant or other genetic modification caused by introduction of one or more nucleic acids or polypeptides disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the invention relates to cells such as a plant cell comprising a mutation, heterologous gene, variant or other genetic modification caused by introduction of one or more nucleic acids or polypeptides disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the invention relates to cells such as a fish cell comprising a mutation, heterologous gene, variant or other genetic modification caused by introduction of one or more nucleic acids or polypeptides disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the invention relates to cells such as a mammalian cell comprising a mutation, heterologous gene, variant or other genetic modification caused by introduction of one or more nucleic acids or polypeptides disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the invention relates to cells such as a eukaryotic cell comprising a mutation, heterologous gene, variant or other genetic modification caused by introduction of one or more nucleic acids or polypeptides disclosed herein.

In another aspect, a method of modulating expression of a target gene in a cell is provided. The cell may be preferably a plant cell, a human cell, animal cell, fungal cell or any other living cell. The cells contain a polypeptide wherein said polypeptide comprises at least a repeat domain comprising repeat units, and these repeat units contain a hypervariable region and each repeat unit is responsible for the recognition of 1 base pair in said target DNA sequence. Said polypeptide is introduced either as DNA encoding for the polypeptide or the polypeptide is introduced per se into the cell by methods known in the art. Regardless of how introduced, the polypeptide should include at least one repeat domain that specifically recognizes and preferably binds to a target DNA sequence of base pairs and modulates the expression of a target gene. In a preferred embodiment, all repeat units contain a hypervariable region which determines recognition of base pairs in a target DNA sequence.

Examples of peptide sequences which can be linked to an polpeptide or RTN of the present invention, for facilitating uptake of effectors into cells, include, but are not limited to: an 11 amino acid peptide of the tat protein of HIV; a 20 residue peptide sequence which corresponds to amino acids 84 103 of the p 16 protein (see Fahraeus et al. (1996) Current Biology 6:84); the third helix of the 60-amino acid long homeodomain of Antennapedia (Derossi et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269: 10444); the h region of a signal peptide such as the Kaposi fibroblast growth factor (K-FGF) h region; or the VP22 translocation domain from HSV (Elliot & O'Hare (1997) Cell 88:223 233). Other suitable chemical moieties that provide enhanced cellular uptake may also be chemically linked to effectors. As described herein, effectors can be designed to recognize any suitable target site, for regulation of expression of any endogenous gene of choice. Examples of endogenous genes suitable for regulation include VEGF, CCR5, ER.alpha., Her2/Neu, Tat, Rev, HBV C, S, X, and P, LDL-R, PEPCK, CYP7, Fibrinogen, ApoB, Apo E, Apo(a), renin, NF-.kappa.B, I-.kappa.B, TNF-. alpha., FAS ligand, amyloid precursor protein, atrial naturetic factor, ob-leptin, ucp-1, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, G-CSF, GM-CSF, Epo, PDGF, PAF, p53, Rb, fetal hemoglobin, dystrophin, eutrophin, GDNF, NGF, IGF-1, VEGF receptors fit and flk, topoisomerase, telomerase, bcl-2, cyclins, angiostatin, IGF, ICAM-1, STATS, c-myc, c-myb, TH, PTI-1, polygalacturonase, EPSP synthase, FAD2-1, delta-12 desaturase, delta-9 desaturase, delta-15 desaturase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, acyl-ACP-thioesterase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthase, cellulose synthase, sucrose synthase, senescence-associated genes, heavy metal chelators, fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase, viral genes, protozoal genes, fungal genes, and bacterial genes. In general, suitable genes to be regulated include cytokines, lymphokines, growth factors, mitogenic factors, chemotactic factors, onto-active factors, receptors, potassium channels, G-proteins, signal transduction molecules, disease resistance genes, and other disease-related genes.

Toxin molecules also have the ability to transport polypeptides across cell membranes. Often, such molecules are composed of at least two parts (called “binary toxins”): a translocation or binding domain or polypeptide and a separate toxin domain or polypeptide. Typically, the translocation domain or polypeptide binds to a cellular receptor, and then the toxin is transported into the cell. Several bacterial toxins, including Clostridium perfringens iota toxin, diphtheria toxin (DT), Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE), pertussis toxin (PT), Bacillus anthracis toxin, and pertussis adenylate cyclase (CYA), have been used in attempts to deliver peptides to the cell cytosol as internal or amino-terminal fusions (Arora et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268:3334 3341; Perelle et al. (1993) Infect. Immun. 61:5147 5156 (1993); Stenmark et al. (1991) J. Cell Biol. 1 13: 1025 1032 (1991); Donnelly et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3530 3534; Carbonetti et al. (1995) Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 95:295; Sebo et al. (1995) Infect. Immun. 63:3851 3857; Klimpel et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10277 10281; and Novak et al. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267: 17186 17193).

Effectors can also be introduced into an animal cell, preferably a mammalian cell, via liposomes and liposome derivatives such as immunoliposomes. The term “liposome” refers to vesicles comprised of one or more concentrically ordered lipid bilayers, which encapsulate an aqueous phase. The aqueous phase typically contains the compound to be delivered to the cell, in this case an effector. The liposome fuses with the plasma membrane, thereby releasing the effector into the cytosol. Alternatively, the liposome is phagocytosed or taken up by the cell in a transport vesicle. Once in the endosome or phagosome, the liposome either degrades or fuses with the membrane of the transport vesicle and releases its contents.

The invention particularly relates to the field of plant and agricultural technology. In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a method to modulate the expression of a target gene in plant cells, which method comprises providing plant cells with a polypeptide modified according to the invention, said polypeptide being capable of specifically recognizing a target nucleotide sequence, or a complementary strand thereof, within a target gene, and allowing said polypeptide to recognize and particularly bind to said target nucleotide sequence, whereby the expression of said target gene in said plant cells is modulated.

The polypeptide can be provided to the plant cells via any suitable methods known in the art. For example, the protein can be exogenously added to the plant cells and the plant cells are maintained under conditions such that the polypeptide is introduced into the plant cell, binds to the target nucleotide sequence and regulates the expression of the target gene in the plant cells. Alternatively, a nucleotide sequence, e.g., DNA or RNA, encoding the polypeptide can be expressed in the plant cells and the plant cells are maintained under conditions such that the expressed polypeptide binds to the target nucleotide sequence and regulates the expression of the target gene in the plant cells.

A preferred method to modulate the expression of a target gene in plant cells comprises the following steps: a) providing plant cells with an expression system for a polypeptide modified according to the invention, said polypeptide being capable of specifically recognizing, and preferably binding, to a target nucleotide sequence, or a complementary strand thereof, within an expression control element of a target gene, preferably a promoter; and b) culturing said plant cells under conditions wherein said polypeptide is produced and binds to said target nucleotide sequence, whereby expression of said target gene in said plant cells is modulated.

Any target nucleotide sequence can be modulated by the present method. For example, the target nucleotide sequence can be endogenous or exogenous to the target gene. In an embodiment of the invention the target nucleotide sequence can be present in a living cell or present in vitro. In a specific embodiment, the target nucleotide sequence is endogenous to the plant. The target nucleotide sequence can be located in any suitable place in relation to the target gene. For example, the target nucleotide sequence can be upstream or downstream of the coding region of the target gene. Alternatively, the target nucleotide sequence is within the coding region of the target gene. Preferably, the target nucleotide sequence is a promoter of a gene.

Any target gene can be modulated by the present method. For example, the target gene can encode a product that affects biosynthesis, modification, cellular trafficking, metabolism and degradation of a peptide, a protein, an oligonucleotide, a nucleic acid, a vitamin, an oligosaccharide, a carbohydrate, a lipid, or a small molecule. Furthermore, effectors can be used to engineer plants for traits such as increased disease resistance, modification of structural and storage polysaccharides, flavors, proteins, and fatty acids, fruit ripening, yield, color, nutritional characteristics, improved storage capability, and the like.

Therefore, the invention provides a method of altering the expression of a gene of interest in a target cell, comprising: determining (if necessary) at least part of the DNA sequence of the structural region and/or a regulatory region of the gene of interest; designing a polypeptide including the repeat units modified in accordance with the invention to recognize specific base pairs on the DNA of known sequence, and causing said modified polypeptide to be present in the target cell, (preferably in the nucleus thereof). (It will be apparent that the DNA sequence need not be determined if it is already known.)

The present invention also provides kits comprising: (1) any of the aforementioned vectors or (2) any of the aforementioned proteins or polypetides. The present invention also provides kits comprising: (1) any of the aforementioned vectors or (2) any of the aforementioned proteins or polypetides; and (3) any of the aforementioned cells (either modified or not modified) disclosed herein.

In another embodiments, the invention relates to kits that are used to produce site specific-mutations in stem cells, which can be used to generate genetically modified organisms. The kits typically include one or more site-specific genetic engineering technology, such as RTNs. The kit may also contain one or more sets of stem cells or embryonic cells for site-specific modification. The stem cells may include, but is not limited to spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), as well as media and conditions necessary for growing SSCs. The kits may include exogenous sequences for site-specific genomic introduction, such as but not limited to reporter genes or selectable markers. The kits may include instructions for (i) introducing the RTNs into the stem cells (ii) identifying stem cells which have been site specifically modified (iii) growing site-specifically modified stem cells in media or conditions necessary and to numbers required for stem cells to produce genetically modified organisms (iv) using the grown stem cells to produce a genetically modified organism (v) identifying which organisms or progeny harbor the site-specific mutation of interest.

In some embodiment, the invention provides a kit which includes a mixed population of different or distinct genetically modified SSCs which may be custom made. The mixed population of genetically modified SSCs may be provided in suitable quantities for direct injection into a sterile male recipient for the production of multiple genetically modified organisms in a single step. The mixed population of separate or distinct genetically modified SSCs may consist of at least two genetically modified SSCs, at least two genetically modified SSCs, at least three genetically modified SSCs, at least four genetically modified SSCs, at least five genetically modified SSCs, at least six genetically modified SSCs, at least seven genetically modified SSCs, at least eight genetically modified SSCs, at least nine genetically modified SSCs, at least ten genetically modified SSCs, at least twenty genetically modified SSCs, at least thirty genetically modified SSCs, at least forty genetically modified SSCs, at least fifty genetically modified SSCs, at least one hundred genetically modified SSCs, at least one thousand genetically modified SSCs, at least ten thousand genetically modified SSCs, at least thirty thousand genetically modified SSCs or with genetically modified SSCs which harbor genetic modification within every gene in the organisms genome.

In some embodiment, the invention provides a kit which includes a mixed population of different or distinct genetically modified stem cells or embryonic cells which may be custom made by any of the methods disclosed herein. The mixed population of genetically modified modified stem cells or embryonic cells may be provided in suitable quantities for direct injection into a sterile male recipient for the production of multiple genetically modified organisms in a single step. The mixed population of separate or distinct genetically modified stem cells or embryonic cells may consist of at least two genetically modified stem cells or embryonic cells, at least two genetically modified stem cells or embryonic cells, at least three genetically modified stem cells or embryonic cells, at least four genetically modified stem cells or embryonic cells, at least five genetically modified stem cells or embryonic cells, at least six genetically modified stem cells or embryonic cells, at least seven genetically modified stem cells or embryonic cells, at least eight genetically modified stem cells or embryonic cells, at least nine genetically modified stem cells or embryonic cells, at least ten genetically modified stem cells or embryonic cells, at least twenty genetically modified stem cells or embryonic cells, at least thirty genetically modified stem cells or embryonic cells, at least forty genetically modified stem cells or embryonic cells, at least fifty genetically modified stem cells or embryonic cells, at least one hundred genetically modified stem cells or embryonic cells, at least one thousand genetically modified stem cells or embryonic cells, at least ten thousand genetically modified stem cells or embryonic cells, at least thirty thousand genetically modified stem cells or embryonic cells or with genetically modified stem cells or embryonic cells which harbor genetic modification within every gene in the organisms genome.

In some embodiment, the invention provides a kit which includes one or more sets of stem cells or embryonic cells or SSCs for site-specific modification. The sets of SSCs may be derived from well-characterized organisms having different disease states. The SSCs may contain multiple mutations, which may be derived from genetic modification or naturally or by any method. The kit may include the media and conditions to grow disease state SSCs, as well as the sterile recipient male for the production of genetically modified organisms. In some embodiment, the invention provides a kit which includes the necessary tools for the derivation of SSC lines from an organism or tissue sample, as well as the necessary tools to genetically modify the derived SSC and produce a genetically modified organism from the derived SSCs. The kit may include cell collection tools such as spermatocytes for harvest, and SSC selection tools such as laminin selection, and SSC propagation and cryopreservation tools as well as SSC validation tools which may include cell surface marker staining. The kit may also include media and conditions for growing the SSCs, tools for genetic modification of the SSCs as well as sterile recipient males for production of genetically modified organisms from the SSCs.

In some embodiment, the invention provides a kit, which includes SSCs which have been generated from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. The iPS cells may be derived from well characterized different genetic backgrounds including disease states as well as regional, strain, ethnic genetic backgrounds. The kit may also include media and conditions for growing the iPS s, tools for genetic modification of the iPSs as well as sterile recipient males for production of genetically modified organisms from the iPSs.

Further methods for transformation and generation of transgenic animals or modified cells appear in PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US2012/03 8465, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in its entirety.

One aspect of the present invention relates to a method for delivering fusion proteins into a target cell wherein the fusion protein comprises an effector protein. Creating a fusion protein of the present invention involves isolating one or more polypeptide components from media and subsequently ligating the free amino terminus of one polypeptide component to the carboxy terminus of a second polypeptide component, in other embodiments, fusion protiens may be made by simple polypeptide synthesis and or expressed through cloning a nucleic acid sequence into an expression vector. In the case of protein purification from cell-based reecmobinant systems that express expression constructs of the present invention, one of ordinary skill in the art can identify compatible secretion signals can readily be determined for any particular type III secretion system that is to be employed if such expression constructs are transformed into bacterial host cells for protein production. By identifying proteins that are normally secreted by the type III secretion system, it is possible to prepare deletion mutants missing various fragments of the full length protein that is normally secreted by the secretion system. Using labeled antibodies raised against epitopes of the various deletion fragments that are expressed (i.e., N-terminal epitopes, C-terminal epitopes, etc.), it is possible to identify deletion mutants that are secreted and those that are not secreted. Thus, protein domains necessary for secretion of the full length protein can be readily identified. Once the protein domains have been identified and sequenced, they can be utilized as secretion signals in fusion proteins of the present invention.

Typically, the secretion signal is an N-terminal domain of a protein that is normally secreted by the particular type III secretion system, for example, a 201 amino acid sequence from the N-terminal domain of the DspE protein of Erwinia amylovora (see, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/350,852, filed Jul. 9, 1999, which is hereby incorporated by reference). The 201 amino acid secretion signal of Erwinia amylovora DspE is compatible with the hacpin secretion system of Erwinia amylovora. Other secretion signals that are compatible with various type III secretion systems have been described in the art and others are continually being identified.

Purified effector protein may be obtained by several methods. The protein or polypeptide is preferably produced in purified form (at least about 80%, 90%, pure) by conventional techniques. Because recombinant host cells express a type III secretion system, the protein or polypeptide is secreted into the growth medium of recombinant host cells. In such cases, to isolate the protein, the recombinant host cells are propagated, the growth medium is centrifuged to separate cellular components from supernatant containing the secreted protein or polypeptide, and the supernatant is removed. The supernatant is then subjected to sequential ammonium sulfate precipitation. The fraction containing the polypeptide or protein is subjected to gel filtration in an appropriately sized dextran or polyacrylamide column to separate the proteins. If necessary, the protein fraction may be further purified by HPLC.

Effector proteins carrying protein transduction domains may also be prepared independently of the type III secretion system by using current state-of-the-art techniques for preparing large amounts of purified proteins from recombinant E. coli cells. Such techniques employ strong, inducible promoters and peptide tags, such as His6, for one-step affinity purification of the recombinant protein from E. coli cell lysates.

In one embodiment, the target cell is a eucaryote cell. The eucaryote cells include those in tissue culture, such as HeLa cells, or in whole animals, such as those delivered to mouse via intraperitoneal injection (Schwarze et al., “Protein Transduction: Unrestricted Delivery into all Cells?” Trends Cell Biol. 10:290-295 (2000), which is hereby incorporated by reference).

In one aspect of the invention the DNA binding or recognition elements of the present invention may be fused together in a modular fashion to create a string of amino acids that bind to a DNA target sequence of choice. In another aspect of the invention the one or rmore DNA binding recognition elements may be bound to one or more effector proteins. The effector protein may be produced by a bacterial plant pathogen, animal pathogen, or a rhizosphere bacteria, including, but not limited to enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella spp., Yersinia spp., Pseudomonas syringae, Xanthomonas campestris, Ralstonia solanacearum, Erwinia amylovora, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Suitable effector proteins include a hypersensitive response elicitor, an avirulence protein, a hypersensitive response and pathogenicity-dependent outer protein, a virulence protein, and a pathogenicity protein. Examples of effector proteins include HopPsyA AAF71481 (P. syringae), HopPtoA AF232006 (P. syringae), Tir BAA96815 (E. coli), ExoS AAG07228 (P. aeruginosa), ExoT AAG03434 (P. aeruginosa), ExoY AAG05579 (P. aeruginosa), SopE AAC02071 (S. typhimurium), SopB AAF21057 (SigA) (S. typhimurium), SipA CAA63302 (S. typhimurium), SptP AAC44349 (S. typhimurium), IpaB A34965 (Shigella spp.), IpaA AAA26525 (Shigella spp.), IpaD SI 5579 (Shigella spp.), YopE SI 4242 (Yersinia spp.), YopH AAC69768 (Yersinia spp.), YpkA AAC69765 (Yersinia spp.), YopJ AAC69766 (YopP) (Yersinia spp.), AvrPto AAA25728 (P. syringae), AvrBs2 AAD 1 1434 (X. campestris), and AvrBs3 CAA34257 (X. campestris) (see, e.g., Galan et al., “Type III Secretion Machines: Bacterial Devices for Protein Delivery into Host Cells,” Science 284: 1322-1328 (1999), which is hereby incorporated by reference). In one embodiment, the effector protein is heterologous (i.e., not normally present) to the target cell.

In accordance with the purposes of this invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, this invention relates to methods for site-specific genetic engineering using RTNs of stem cells and gametes, including but not limited to pluripotent cells, totipotent cells, somatic stem cells, spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), embryonic stem (ES) cells, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, embryos, germ cells, primordial germ cells (PGCs), plant tube cells, pollen cells, and spores. Methods for site-specific engineering of stem cells include, but are not limited to using site specific DNA binding and cleaving proteins such as RTNs.

Site-specific engineering of stem cells results in altered function of gene(s) or gene product(s) and genetically modified organisms, and cell or tissue culture models are produced from these engineered stem cells. Modified stem cells and organisms include knockout and knockin cells and organisms.

In another aspect, the invention relates to genetically modified organisms created by site-specific engineering using RTNs including but not limited to mammals, including rats, mice, pigs, rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs, non-human primates, mini-pigs, as well as plants, including but not limited to maize, soybean, rice, potato, wheat, tobacco, tomato, and Arabidopsis, as well as the descendants and ancestors of such organisms.

In another embodiment, the invention provides kits that are used to produce site specific-mutations in stem cells, which can be used to generate genetically modified organisms. The kits typically include one or more site-specific genetic engineering technology, such as RTNs. The kit may also comprise one or more sets of stem cells for site-specific modification. In some embodiments of the invention, the stem cells may include, but are not limited to, spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), as well as media and conditions necessary for growing SSCs. In some embodiments, the kit comprise exogenous sequences for site-specific genomic introduction, such as but not limited to reporter genes or selectable markers. In some embodiments, the kit comprises instructions for (i) introducing the RTNs (or nuleic acid sequence encoding the RTN) into the stem cells (ii) identifying stem cells which have been site specifically modified by the XTN (iii) growing site-specifically modified stem cells in media or conditions necessary and to numbers required for stem cells to produce genetically modified organisms or effect germline transmission in an animal; (iv) using or transplanting the grown stem cells to produce a genetically modified organism; and/or (v) identifying which organisms or progeny comprise the site-specific mutation of interest. In some embodiments of the invention, a composition comprises one or more stem cells or one or more embryos, the one or more stem cells or one or more embryos comprise one or more of the following mutations: (i) a deletion mutation; (ii) a knockout mutation; and/or (iii) an addition of a heterologous nucleic acid sequence; the one or more mutations of (i), (ii), and/or (iii) are site-specific mutations caused by a RTN.

In some embodiments of the invention, the heterologous nucleic acid sequence is chosen from a selectable marker or an orthologous gene. In some embodiments of the invention, the one or more stem cells is chosen from a spermatogonial stem cell (SSC), an embryonic stem cell, or an induced pluripotent stem cell.

In some embodiments of the invention, the one or more stem cells is derived from the germline lineage of an animal or plant. In some embodiments of the invention, the one or more stem cells or the one or more embryos further comprise at least one inverted tandem repeat of a transposon or a variant thereof.

In some embodiments of the invention, the one or more stem cells is a somatic stem cell. In some embodiments of the invention, an organism comprising one or more stem cells, the one or more stem cells comprise one or more of the following mutations: (i) a deletion mutation; (ii) a knockout mutation; and/or (iii) an addition of a heterologous nucleic acid sequence; the one or more mutations of (i), (ii), and/or (iii) are site-specific mutations caused by a RTN. In some embodiments of the invention, the one or more stem cells comprises an SSC.

In the present invention, the effector protein is fused to at least one DNA recognition elements disclosed herein or derivatives or functional analogs thereof to produce a fusion protein.

One aspect of the present invention relates to a method for delivering effector proteins into a target cell. This method involves introducing into the target cell an effector protein fused to a polypeptide including at least one repeat domain or DNA recognition element of the present invention that recognizes said target DNA or derivatives or functional analogs thereof. Another aspect of the present invention relates to a DNA construct including a first DNA molecule encoding an effector protein and a second DNA molecule operatively associated with the first DNA molecule and encoding a polypeptide including at least one repeat domain of the present invention that recognizes said target DNA or derivatives or functional analogs thereof.

The method of the present invention allows efficient delivery of effector proteins into cells, in particular, mammalian cells. This method also allows for delivery of effector proteins for use in pharmaceutical, insecticide, fungicide, herbicide, and other applications. In particular, the present invention will allow the delivery of effector proteins into patients in the form of protein therapy. Therapy with biologically active full-length proteins will allow access to the built-in evolutionary specificity of these proteins for their targets, thereby potentially avoiding the nonspecific effects sometimes seen with small-molecule therapies. Moreover, when used in conjunction with tissue-specific viral vectors, use of the present invention allows the targeted delivery of effector proteins to particular cells with the added benefit of secondary redistribution of the effector protein subsequent to the initial targeting. A precedent for this approach can be found in an experiment wherein the VP22 protein transduction domain was fused to the p53 tumor suppressor protein (Phelan et al, “Intercellular Delivery of Functional p53 by the Herpesvirus Protein VP22,” Nat. Biotechnol. 16:440-443 (1998), which is hereby incorporated by reference).

In some embodiments, the invention relates to a composition comprising one or more nucleic acid sequences with an inserted nucleic aicd sequence. In some embodiments, the inserted nucleic acid comprises at least one transcriptionally active gene, which is a coding sequence that is capable of being expressed under intracellular conditions, e.g. a coding sequence in combination with any requisite expression regulatory elements that are required for expression in the intracellular environment of the target cell whose genome is modified by binding and subsequent action by any of the polypeptides described herein. The transcriptionally active genes of the nucleic acids can comprise a domain of nucleotides, i.e., an expression module that includes a coding sequence of nucleotides operably linked with requisite transcriptional mediation or regulatory element(s). Requisite transcriptional mediation elements that may be present in the expression module include, but are not limited to, promoters, enhancers, termination and polyadenylation signal elements, splicing signal elements, and the like. In some embodiments of the invention, the one or more stem cells further comprise at least one inverted terminal repeat of a transposon or variant thereof.

In some embodiments, the expression module includes transcription regulatory elements that provide for expression of the gene in a broad host range. A variety of such combinations are known, where specific transcription regulatory elements include, but are not limited to: SV40 elements, transcription regulatory elements derived from the LTR of the Rous sarcoma virus, transcription regulatory elements derived from the LTR of human cytomegalovirus (CMV), hsp70 promoters, and the like.

In some embodiments, at least one transcriptionally active gene or expression module present in the inserted nucleic acid acts as a selectable marker. A variety of different genes have been employed as selectable markers, and the particular gene employed in the vectors described herein as a selectable marker is chosen primarily as a matter of convenience. Known selectable marker genes include, but are not limited to: thymidine kinase gene, dihydrofolate reductase gene, xanthine-guanine phosporibosyl transferase gene, CAD, adenosine deaminase gene, asparagine synthetase gene, numerous antibiotic resistance genes (tetracycline, ampicillin, kanamycin, neomycin, and the like), aminoglycoside phosphotransferase genes, hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene, and genes whose expression provides for the presence of a detectable product, either directly or indirectly, such as, for example, beta-galactosidase, GFP, and the like.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acids of the present invention comprise least one transcriptionally active gene, the portion of the nucleic acid also comprises at least one restriction endonuclease recognized site, e.g. restriction site which serves as a site for insertion of an exogenous nucleic acid. A variety of restriction sites are known in the art and include, but are not limited to: HindIII, PstI, SalI, AccI, HincII, XbaI, BamHI, SmaI, XmaI, KpnI, SacI, EcoRI, and the like. In some embodiments, the vector includes a polylinker, i.e. a closely arranged series or array of sites recognized by a plurality of different restriction enzymes, such as those disclosed herein. In other embodiments, the inserted exogenous nucleic acid could comprise recombinase recognition sites, such as LoxP, FRT, or AttB/AttP sites, which are recognized by the Cre, Flp, and PhiC31 recombinases, respectively.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for generating a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide specific for binding a selected nucleotide sequence, comprising: (1) linearizing a starter plasmid with PspX1 or nuclease, the starter plasmid comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes a first monomer comprising a RVD specific for the first nucleotide of the selected nucleotide sequence, wherein the first monomer has a unique PspX1 or nuclease site at its 3′ end; (2) ligating into the starter plasmid PspX1 site a DNA module encoding one or more monomers that comprise RVDs specific for the next nucleotide(s) of the selected nucleotide sequence, wherein the DNA module has Xho1 sticky ends; and (3) repeating steps (1) and (2) until the nucleic acid encodes a polypetide capable of binding to the selected nucleotide sequence. The method can further comprise, after the ligating, determining the orientation of the DNA module in the PspX1 site or nuclease site. The method can comprise repeating steps (1) and (2) from one to 30 times.

Where the source of DNA-binding domain is a nucleic acid that encodes the polypeptides of the present invention, the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide or protein is generally part of an expression module, as described above, where the additional elements provide for expression of the transposase as required.

In some embodiments, multicellular organisms can be made using cells mytogenized by the compositions disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the multicellular or unicellular organism is a plant or animal. In some embodiments, the multicellular or unicellular organism is a vertebrate. In some embodiments, the vertebrate animal is a mammal, such as for example, a rodent (mouse or rat), livestock (pig, horse, cow, etc.), pets (dog or cat), and primates, such as, for example, a human.

The methods described herein can be used in a variety of applications in which it is desired to introduce and stably integrate an exogenous nucleic acid into the genome of a target cell. In vivo methods of integrating exogenous nucleic acid into a target cell are known. The route of administration of the nucleic acid-binding system to the multicellular or unicellular organism depends on several parameters, including: the nature of the vectors that carry the system components, the nature of the delivery vehicle, the nature of the multicellular or unicellular organism, and the like, where a common feature of the mode of administration is that it provides for in vivo delivery of the nucleic acid-binding system components to the target cell(s). In certain embodiments, linear or circularized DNA, such as a plasmid, is employed as the vector for delivery of the nucleic acid-binding system to the target cell. In such embodiments, the plasmid may be administered in an aqueous delivery vehicle, such as a saline solution. Alternatively, an agent that modulates the distribution of the vector in the multicellular or unicellular organism can be employed. For example, where the vectors comprising the subject system components are plasmid vectors, lipid-based such as a liposome, vehicles can be employed, where the lipid-based vehicle may be targeted to a specific cell type for cell or tissue specific delivery of the vector. Alternately, polylysine-based peptides can be employed as carriers, which may or may not be modified with targeting moieties, and the like (Brooks et al., J. Neurosci. Methods, 1998, 80, 137-47; and Muramatsu et al., Int. J. Mol. Med., 1998, 1, 55-62). The system components can also be incorporated onto viral vectors, such as adenovirus-derived vectors, sindbis-virus derived vectors, retrovirus-derived vectors, hybrid vectors, and the like. The above vectors and delivery vehicles are merely representative. Any vector/delivery vehicle combination can be employed, so long as it provides for in vivo administration of the nucleic acid-binding system to the multicellular or unicellular organism and target cell.

The amount of vector nucleic acid comprising the nucleic acid-binding element, and in many embodiments the amount of vector nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide, which is introduced into the cell is sufficient to provide for the desired excision and insertion of the nucleic acid-binding nucleic acid into the target cell genome. As such, the amount of vector nucleic acid introduced should provide for a sufficient amount of DNA-binding activity and a sufficient copy number of the nucleic acid that is desired to be inserted into the target cell. The amount of vector nucleic acid that is introduced into the target cell varies depending on the efficiency of the particular introduction protocol that is employed, such as the particular in vivo administration protocol that is employed.

The particular dosage of each component of the system that is administered to the multicellular or unicellular organism varies depending on the nature of the nucleic acid-binding nucleic acid, e.g. the nature of the expression module and gene, the nature of the vector on which the component elements are present, the nature of the delivery vehicle and the like. Dosages can readily be determined empirically by those of skill in the art. For example, in mice where the nucleic acid-binding system components are present on separate plasmids which are intravenously administered to a mammal in a saline solution vehicle, the amount of nucleic acid-binding plasmid that is administered in many embodiments typically ranges from about 0.5 to 40 μg and is typically about 25 μg, while the amount of nucleic acid-binding system encoding plasmid that is administered typically ranges from about 0.5 to g and is usually about 1 μg.

The subject methods may be used to bind and effect nucleic acids of various sizes. Generally, the size of DNA that is inserted into a target cell genome using the subject methods ranges from about 0.5 kb to 100.0 kb, usually from about 1.0 kb to about 60.0 kb, or from about 1.0 kb to about 10.0 kb.

The present invention can be used in, for example, germline mutagenesis in a rat, mouse, or other vertebrate; somatic mutagenesis in a rat, mouse, or other vertebrate; transgenesis in a rat, mouse, or other vertebrate; and use in human gene therapy. In each of these, the composition can be delived as DNA, RNA, or protein.

Transformed cells and/or transgenic organisms, such as those containing the DNA inserted into the host cell's DNA, can be selected from untransformed cells and/or transformed organisms if a selectable marker is included as part of the introduced DNA sequences. Selectable markers include, for example, genes that provide antibiotic resistance; genes that modify the physiology of the host, such as for example green fluorescent protein, to produce an altered visible phenotype. Cells and/or organisms containing these genes are capable of surviving in the presence of antibiotic, insecticides or herbicide concentrations that kill untransformed cells/organisms or producing an altered visible phenotype. Using standard techniques known to those familiar with the field, techniques such as, for example, Southern blotting and polymerase chain reaction, DNA can be isolated from transgenic cells and/or organisms to confirm that the introduced DNA has been inserted.

In order that the invention disclosed herein may be more efficiently understood, examples are provided below. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the invention in any manner. Throughout these examples, molecular cloning reactions, and other standard recombinant DNA techniques, were carried out according to methods described in Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning—A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989), using commercially available reagents, except where otherwise noted.

In other aspects of the invention, the invention relates to viral vectors comprising any one or more than one nucleic acid sequence disclosed herein. The viral vector is optionally selected from the group comprising a retroviral vector, an adenoviral vector, an adeno-associated viral vector, spumaviral, a lentiviral vector and a plasmid or other vector, such as transposons, described in the application. The retroviral vector optionally comprises an oncoretroviral vector. The retroviral vector optionally comprises a lentiviral vector.

The application includes compositions and methods for providing a RTN coding nucleic acid molecule to a subject such that expression of the molecule in the cells provides the biological activity of the polypeptide encoded by the coding nucleic acid molecule to those cells. A coding nucleic acid as used herein means a nucleic acid that comprises nucleotides which specify an RTN amino acid sequence, or a portion thereof, of the corresponding Ralstonia amino acid sequence. A coding sequence may comprise a start codon and/or a termination sequence.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention are pharmaceutical compositions. The pharmaceutical compositions of this application used to treat patients having diseases, disorders or abnormal physical states could include an acceptable carrier, auxiliary or excipient.

The pharmaceutical compositions are optionally administered by ex vivo and in vivo methods such as electroporation, DNA microinjection, liposome DNA delivery, and virus vectors that have RNA or DNA genomes including retrovirus vectors, lentivirus vectors, Adenovirus vectors and Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, Semliki Forest Virus. Derivatives or hybrids of these vectors are also useful.

Dosages to be administered depend on patient needs, on the desired effect and on the chosen route of administration. The expression cassettes are optionally introduced into the cells or their precursors using ex vivo or in vivo delivery vehicles such as liposomes or DNA or RNA virus vectors. They are also optionally introduced into these cells using physical techniques such as microinjection or chemical methods such as coprecipitation. The pharmaceutical compositions are typically prepared by known methods for the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable compositions which are administered to patients, and such that an effective quantity of the nucleic acid molecule is combined in a mixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. Suitable vehicles are described, for example in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., USA). Any selectable marker gene can be used in the present invention.

On this basis, the pharmaceutical compositions could include an active compound or substance, such as a nucleic acid molecule, in association with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles or diluents, and contained in buffered solutions with a suitable pH and isoosmotic with the physiological fluids. The methods of combining the expression cassettes with the vehicles or combining them with diluents is well known to those skilled in the art. The composition could include a targeting agent for the transport of the active compound to specified sites within cells. The expression cassette can also comprise a selectable marker gene for the selection of transformed cells. Selectable marker genes are utilized for the selection of transformed cells or tissues. Marker genes include genes encoding antibiotic resistance, such as those encoding neomycin phosphotransferase II (NEO) and hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT), as well as genes conferring resistance to herbicidal compounds, such as glufosinate ammonium, bromoxynil, imidazolinones, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D). Additional selectable markers include phenotypic markers such as .beta.-galactosidase and fluorescent proteins such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) (Su et al. (2004) Biotechnol Bioeng 85:610-9 and Fetter et al. (2004) Plant Cell 16:215-28), cyan florescent protein (CYP) (Bolte et al. (2004) J. Cell Science 1 17:943-54 and Kato et al. (2002) Plant Physiol 129:913-42), and yellow florescent protein (PhiYFP™ from Evrogen, see, Bolte et al. (2004) J. Cell Science 117:943-54). For additional selectable markers, see generally, Yarranton (1992) Curr. Opin. Biotech. 3:506-511; Christophers on et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6314-6318; Yao et al. (1992) Cell 71:63-72; Reznikoff (1992) Mol. Microbiol. 6:2419-2422; Barkley et al. (1980) in The Operon, pp. 177-220; Hu et al. (1987) Cell 48:555-566; Brown et al. (1987) Cell 49:603-612; Figge et al. (1988) Cell 52:713-722; Deuschle et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Aci. USA 86:5400-5404; Fuerst et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:2549-2553; Deuschle et al. (1990) Science 248:480-483; Gossen (1993) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Heidelberg; Reines et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 1917-1921; Labow et al. (1990) Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:3343-3356; Zambretti et al. (1992) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89:3952-3956; Bairn et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:5072-5076; Wyborski et al. (1991) Nucleic Acids Res. 19:4647-4653; Hillenand-Wissman (1989) Topics Mol. Struc. Biol. 10: 143-162; Degenkolb et al. (1991) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35: 1591-1595; Kleinschnidt et al. (1988) Biochemistry 27: 1094-1 104; Bonin (1993) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Heidelberg; Gossen et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5547-5551; Oliva et al. (1992) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36:913-919; Hlavka et al. (1985) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 78 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin); Gill et al. (1988) Nature 334:721-724. Such disclosures are herein incorporated by reference.

Numerous plant transformation vectors and methods for transforming plants are available. See, for example, An, G. et al. (1986) Plant Pysiol, 81:301-305; Fry, J., et al. (1987) Plant Cell Rep. 6:321-325; Block, M. (1988) Theor. Appl Genet. 76:767-774; Hinchee, et al. (1990) Stadler. Genet. Symp. 203212.203-212; Cousins, et al. (1991) Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 18:481-494; Chee, P. P. and Slightom, J. L. (1992) Gene. 118:255-260; Christou, et al. (1992) Trends. Biotechnol. 10:239-246; D'Halluin, et al. (1992) Bio/Technol. 10:309-314; Dhir, et al. (1992) Plant Physiol. 99:81-88; Casas et al. (1993) Proc. Nat. Acad Sci. USA 90: 11212-1 1216; Christou, P. (1993) In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant; 29P: 119-124; Davies, et al. (1993) Plant Cell Rep. 12: 180-183; Dong, J. A. and Mchughen, A. (1993) Plant Sci. 91: 139-148; Franklin, C. I. and Trieu, T. N. (1993) Plant. Physiol. 102: 167; Golovkin, et al. (1993) Plant Sci. 90:41-52; Guo Chin Sci. Bull. 38:2072-2078; Asano, et al. (1994) Plant Cell Rep. 13; Ayeres N. M. and Park, W. D. (1994) Crit. Rev. Plant. Sci. 13:219-239; Barcelo, et al. (1994) Plant. J. 5:583-592; Becker, et al. (1994) Plant. J. 5:299-307; Borkowska et al. (1994) Acta. Physiol Plant. 16:225-230; Christou, P. (1994) Agro. Food. Ind. Hi Tech. 5: 17-27; Eapen et al. (1994) Plant Cell Rep. 13:582-586; Hartman, et al. (1994) Bio-Technology 12: 919923; Ritala, et al. (1994) Plant. Mol. Biol. 24:317-325; and Wan, Y. C. and Lemaux, P. G. (1994) Plant Physiol. 104:3748.

The methods of the invention involve introducing a polynucleotide construct comprising a DNA sequence into a host cell. By “introducing” is intended presenting to the plant the polynucleotide construct in such a manner that the construct gains access to the interior of the host cell. The methods of the invention do not depend on a particular method for introducing a polynucleotide construct into a host cell, only that the polynucleotide construct gains access to the interior of one cell of the host. Methods for introducing polynucleotide constructs into bacteria, plants, fungi and animals are known in the art including, but not limited to, stable transformation methods, transient transformation methods, and virus-mediated methods.

By “stable transformation” is intended that the polynucleotide construct introduced into a plant integrates into the genome of the host and is capable of being inherited by progeny thereof. By “transient transformation” is intended that a polynucleotide construct introduced into the host does not integrate into the genome of the host.

The application includes methods and compositions for providing a coding nucleic acid molecule to the cells of an individual such that expression of the coding nucleic acid molecule in the cells provides the biological activity or phenotype of the polypeptide encoded by the coding nucleic acid molecule. The method also relates to a method for providing an individual having a disease, disorder or abnormal physical state with a biologically active polypeptide by administering a nucleic acid molecule of the present application. The method may be performed ex vivo or in vivo. Gene therapy methods and compositions are demonstrated, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,869,040, 5,639,642, 5,928,214, 5,91 1,983, 5,830,880, 5,910,488, 5,854,019, 5,672,344, 5,645,829, 5,741,486, 5,656,465, 5,547,932, 5,529,774, 5,436, 146, 5,399,346 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,670,488, 5,240,846. The amount of polypeptide will vary with the subject's needs. The optimal dosage of vector may be readily determined using empirical techniques, for example by escalating doses (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,488 for an example of escalating doses). Vectors containing the nucleic acid molecules of the application are typically administered to mammals, preferably humans, in gene therapy using techniques described below. The polypeptides produced from the nucleic acid molecules are also optionally administered to mammals, preferably humans. The application relates to a method of medical treatment of a mammal in need thereof, preferably a human, by administering to the mammal a vector of the application or a cell containing a vector of the application. A recipient, preferably human, who develops an adverse event, such as graft versus host disease, is typically administered a drug, such as AZT, that is a substrate for the modified tmpk molecules of the application. Diseases, such as blood diseases or neural diseases (neurodegenerative), that are readily treated are described in this application and known in the art (eg. diseases, such as thalassemia or sickle cell anemia that are treated by administering a globin gene as described in Canadian patent application no. 2,246,005). Blood diseases treatable by stem cell transplant include leukemias, myelodysplastic syndromes, stem cell disorders, myeloproliferative disorders, lymphoproliferative disorders phagocyte disorders, inherited metabolic disorders, histiocytic disorders, inherited erythrocyte abnormalities, inherited immune system disorders, inherited platelet abnormalities, plasma cell disorders, malignancies (See also, Medical Professional's Guide to Unrelated Donor Stem Cell Transplants, 4th Edition). Stem cell nerve diseases to be treated by neural stem cell transplantation include diseases resulting in neural cell damage or loss, eg. paralysis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, ALS, multiple sclerosis). The vector of the application is useful as a stem cell marker and to express genes that cause stem cells to differentiate (e.g. growth factor).

Various approaches to gene therapy may be used. The application includes a process for providing a human with a therapeutic polypeptide including: introducing human cells into a human, said human cells having been treated in vitro or ex vivo to insert therein a vector of the application, the human cells expressing in vivo in said human a therapeutically effective amount of said therapeutic polypeptide.

The method also relates to a method for producing a stock of recombinant virus by producing virus suitable for gene therapy comprising modified DNA encoding globin. This method preferably involves transfecting cells permissive for virus replication (the virus containing modified globin) and collecting the virus produced.

Cotransfection (DNA and marker on separate molecules) may be employed (see eg U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,928,914 and 5,817,492). As well, a detection cassette or marker (such as Green Fluorescent Protein marker or a derivative, CD 19 or CD25) may be used within the vector itself (preferably a viral vector).

The methods of the present invention can be used to mutate any eukaryotic stem cell, including, but not limited to, haploid, diploid, triploid, tetraploid, or aneuploid. In one embodiment, the cell is diploid. Stem cells in which the methods of the present invention can be advantageously used include, but are not limited to stem cells such as somatic stem cells, SSCs, ES cells, iPS cells, embryos, or any cell capable of developing into one or more organisms.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method to produce a site-specific knockout, knock-in or otherwise genetically modified stem cell. The site-specific mutation is generated using a RTN which cleaves the desired site, followed by NHEJ, resulting in deletion mutations. The site-specific mutation can be produced in spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) which are used to generate heterozygous or homozygous genetically modified organisms.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method to produce a site-specific knockout, knock-in or otherwise genetically modified stem cell. The site-specific mutation is generated using a RTN which cleaves the desired site resulting in deletion mutations. The site specific mutation is produced in embryonic stem (ES) cells, which are used to generate heterozygous or homozygous genetically modified organisms.

In another embodiment, the invention comprises of methods to produce a site-specific knockout, knock-in or otherwise genetically modified stem cell. The site specific mutation is generated using a RTN which cleaves the desired site resulting in deletion mutations. The site-specific mutation is produced in induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, which are used to generate heterozygous or homozygous genetically modified organisms.

In another embodiment, the invention comprises of methods to produce a site-specific knockout, knockin or otherwise genetically modified stem cell. The site specific mutation is generated using a RTN which cleaves the desired site resulting in deletion mutations. The site-specific mutation is produced in embryos which are used to generate heterozygous or homozygous genetically modified organisms.

In certain embodiments of the invention, cells can be mutated within the organism or within the native environment as in tissue explants (e.g., in vivo or in situ). Alternatively, tissues or stem cells isolated from the organism using art-known methods and genes can be mutated according to the present methods. The tissues or stem cells are either maintained in culture (e.g., in vitro), or re-implanted into a tissue or organism (e.g., ex vivo).

RTNs comprising effector protein function, such as a nuclease.

In some embodiments, the invention relates to compositions comprising any one of the nucleic acids or polypetides or fragements thereof described in Example 2.

In some embodiments, the invention relates to compositions comprising any one of the nucleic acids or polypetides described herein.

In some embodiment of the invention, genetic modification of SSCs using RTNs relates to generating multiple mutations in separate SSCs or SSC lines followed by pooling or combining separate SSCs or SSC lines and injecting into a single recipient male, which relates to generating multiple genetically modified organisms containing one or more mutations is fewer experimental steps and in a shorter timeframe than is possible with other systems. The separate stem cells or stem cell lines may be fifteen or more. In some embodiment of the invention, genetic modification of stem cells using RTNs relates to generating multiple mutations in separate stem cells or stem cell lines followed by pooling or combining separate stem cells or stem cell lines and injecting into a single recipient male, which relates to generating multiple genetically modified organisms containing one or more mutations is fewer experimental steps and in a shorter timeframe than is possible with other systems. The separate stem cells or stem cell lines may be fifteen or more.

In some embodiment of the invention, increasing the number of distinct or separate pools or lines of genetically modified SSCs or modified stem cells or embryonic cells, which may be used to generate a genetically modified organism, does not increase the amount of effort, time, and resources used, as well as does not decrease the efficiency of genetically modified organism production. Multiple separate and distinct genetically modified SSCs may be transplanted into a single sterile recipient. The mixed population of distinct genetically modified cells (SSCs or stem cells), which are derived from separate cell pools from two or more pools to fifteen or more pools mature within the sterile recipient. The sterile recipient is then bred with multiple wild type females which may be two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more, fifteen or more, sixteen or more, seventeen or more, eighteen or more, nineteen or more, twenty or more. These multiple females produce offspring which have incorporated the desired mutation into their germline.

In some embodiment of the invention, increasing the number distinct or separate pools or lines of genetically modified cells, which may be used to generate a genetically modified organism, does not increase the amount of effort, time, and resources used, as well as does not decrease the efficiency of genetically modified organism production. The sterile recipient rat may be a recipient for multiple rounds of separate or distinct genetically modified cells. The sterile rat may be a recipient of fifteen or more different genetically modified cells and breed with twenty or more wild type females to produce fifteen or more separately genetically modified organisms. Following the first round of breeding, the sterile male may be treated to eliminate the first round of genetically modified cells and become a recipient of another round of fifteen or more separately or distinct genetically modified cells, breed with twenty or more wild type females to produce fifteen or more separate genetically modified organisms. The sterile male may be a recipient of mixed populations of fifteen or more genetically modified cells and breed twenty or more wild type females two times or more, three times or more, four times or more, or five times or more.

In some embodiment of the invention, increasing the number distinct or separate pools or lines of genetically modified cells, which may be used to generate a genetically modified organism, does not increase the amount of effort, time, and resources used, as well as does not decrease the efficiency of genetically modified organism production. Increasing the number of genetically modified cells does not require the effort and resources of other cell systems such as embryonic stem (ES) cells or embryos. Increasing the amount of genetically modified ES cells for genetically modified organism production requires an increase in the number of technical steps such as blastocyst injections, as well as the number of oviduct transfer surgeries. In some embodiments of the invention, the method does not comprise blastocyst injection, oviduct transfer, DNA microinjection reimplantation of injected zygotes, or breeding of chimeric progeny. The cell system may produce fifteen or more separate genetically modified stem cell populations for genetically modified organism production in a single step, while in order to produce fifteen or more separately genetically modified ES cells, fifteen or more separate steps must be performed on all levels of the procedure, which include but are not limited to blastocyst injection, oviduct transfer, zygote production, preparation of DNA, DNA microinjection, reimplantation of injected zygotes or breeding chimeric progeny.

In some embodiment of the invention, genetic modification of SSCs using RTNs relates to generating genetically modified organisms without requiring the steps required in producing genetically modified organisms from alternative stem cells including but not limited to embryonic stem cells, embryo's, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, somatic stem cells. Genetic modification in alternative stem cells includes but is not limited to zygote production, preparation of DNA, DNA microinjection, reimplantation of injected zygotes or breeding chimeric progeny.

In some embodiments, the stem cells of the present invention comprise one or more transposons, one or more inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of a transposon of variants thereof. In some embodiments, the stem cells of the present invention comprise one or more transposons, one or more inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of a transposon of variants derived from the sequences of Table 2.

In some embodiments, the present invention comprise one or more transposons, one or more inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of a transposon wherein the variant sequence inverted tandem repeats are at least 70% homologous to known ITRs and known transposon elements (shown in table 2).

In some embodiments, the present invention comprise one or more transposons, one or more inverted tandem repeats (ITRs) of a transposon wherein the variant sequence inverted tandem repeats are at least 75% homologous to known ITRs and known transposon elements (shown in table 2).

In some embodiments, the present invention comprise one or more transposons, one or more inverted tandem repeats (ITRs) of a transposon wherein the variant sequence inverted terminal repeats are at least 80% homologous to known ITRs and known transposon elements (shown in table 2).

In some embodiments, the present invention comprise one or more transposons, one or more inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of a transposon wherein the variant sequence inverted tandem repeats are at least 85% homologous to known ITRs and known transposon elements (shown in table 2).

In some embodiments, the present invention comprise one or more transposons, one or more inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of a transposon wherein the variant sequence inverted tandem repeats are at least 90% homologous to known ITRs and known transposon elements (shown in table 2).

In some embodiments, the present invention comprise one or more transposons, one or more inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of a transposon wherein the variant sequence inverted tandem repeats are at least 95% homologous to known ITRs and known transposon elements (shown in table 2).

In some embodiments, the present invention comprise one or more transposons, one or more inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of a transposon wherein the variant sequence inverted tandem repeats are at least 96% homologous to known ITRs and known transposon elements (shown in table 2).

In some embodiments, the present invention comprise one or more transposons, one or more inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of a transposon wherein the variant sequence inverted tandem repeats are at least 97% homologous to known ITRs and known transposon elements (shown in table 2).

In some embodiments, the present invention comprise one or more transposons, one or more inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of a transposon wherein the variant sequence inverted tandem repeats are at least 98% homologous to known ITRs and known transposon elements (shown in table 2).

In some embodiments, the present invention comprise one or more transposons, one or more inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of a transposon wherein the variant sequence inverted tandem repeats are at least 99% homologous to known ITRs and known transposon elements (shown in table 2).

TABLE 2 Transposon ITRs Sleeping Beauty 5′ Inverted Tandem Repeat: CAGTTGAAGTCGGAAGTTTACATACACTTAAGTTGGAGTCATTAAAACTC GTTTTTCAACTACTCCACAAATTTCTTGTTAACAAACAATAGTTTTGGCA AGTCAGTTAGGACATCTACTTTGTGCATGACACAAGTCATTTTTCCAACA ATTGTTTACAGACAGATTATTTCACTTATAATTCACTGTATCACAATTCC AGTGGGTCAGAAGTTTACATACACTAAGT (SEQ ID NO: 68) 3′ Inverted Tandem Repeat: ATTGAGTGTATGTAAACTTCTGACCCACTGGGAATGTGATGAAAGAAATA AAAGCTGAAATGAATCATTCTCTCTACTATTATTCTGATATTTCACATTC TTAAAATAAAGTGGTGATCCTAACTGACCTAAGACAGGGAATTTTTACTA GGATTAAATGTCAGGAATTGTGAAAAAGTGAGTTTAAATGTATTTGGCTA AGGTGTATGTAAACTTCCGACTTCAACTG (SEQ ID NO: 69) piggyBac 5′ Inverted Tandem Repeat: CCCTAGAAAGATAGTCTGCGTAAAATTGACGCATGCATTCTTGAAATATT GCTCTCTCTTTCTAAATAGCGCGAATCCGTCGCTGTGCATTTAGGACATC TCAGTCGCCGCTTGGAGCTCCCGTGAGGCGTGCTTGTCAATGCGGTAAGT GTCACTGATTTTGAACTATAACGACCGCGTGAGTCAAAATGACGCATGAT TATCTTTTACGTGACTTTTAAGATTTAACTCATACGATAATTATATTGTT ATTTCATGTTCTACTTACGTGATAACTTATTATATATATATTTTCTTGTT ATAGATATC (SEQ ID NO: 70, minimal sequence is underlined and bold, i.e., first 35 bp) 3′ Inverted Tandem Repeat: TAAAAGTTTTGTTACTTTATAGAAGAAATTTTGAGTTTTTGTTTTTTTTT AATAAATAAATAAACATAAATAAATTGTTTGTTGAATTTATTATTAGTAT GTAAGTGTAAATATAATAAAACTTAATATCTATTCAAATTAATAAATAAA CCTCGATATACAGACCGATAAAACACATGCGTCAATTTTACGCATGATTA TCTTTAACGTACGTCACAATATGATTATCTTTCTAGGG (SEQ ID NO: 71, minimal sequence is underlined and bold, i.e., first 35 bp)

The invention also comprises DNA which encodes for any one of the polypeptides described herein with any number of repeat units disclosed herein.

Any polypeptides of the invention or nucleic acids that encode the polypeptides of the present invention can be used in the methods described in PCT Application No. PCT/IB2010/000154, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In an aspect fo the invention, the invention relates to a composition comprising one or more cells modified by one or more polypeptides disclosed herein. In some embodiments of the invention, the composition of the present invention comprise one or more stem cells. In some embodiments of the invention, the composition of the present invention comprises one or more mammalian stem cells modified by one or more polypeptides disclosed herein. In some embodiments of the invention, the composition of the present invention comprises one or more iPSC cells modified by one or more polypeptides disclosed herein. In some embodiments of the invention, the composition of the present invention comprise one or more human stem cells modified by one or more polypeptides disclosed herein. In some embodiments of the invention, the composition of the present invention comprises one or more spermatogonial stem cells modified by one or more polypeptides disclosed herein. In some embodiments of the invention, the cell is derived from a mammal, in some embodiments, the cell is from a rat or mini pig. In some embodiments of the invention, the mammal is a sterile male rat or sterile male mini pig. In some embodiments of the invention, the rat or mini pig is DAZL deficient or DAZL−/−. In some embodiments of the invention, the invention relates to a colony of genetically modified organisms comprising:

at least one organism comprising one or more stem cells, the one or more stem cells comprise one or more of the following mutations: (i) a deletion mutation; (ii) a knockout mutation; and/or (iii) an addition of a heterologous nucleic acid sequence; the one or more mutations of (i), (ii), and/or (iii) are site-specific mutations caused by by one or more polypeptides disclosed herein (one or more RTNs); and (b) progeny of the organism of subpart (a).

In some embodiments of the invention, the cell or transgenic animal, colony or prgeny thereof comprises a heterologous nucleic acid sequence that comprises a selectable marker or an orthologous gene. In some embodiments of the invention, the at least one organism and the progeny further comprise at least one inverted terminal repeat of a transposon or variant thereof.

In some embodiments of the invention, the at least one organism and the progeny further comprise a nucleic acid that comprises a a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 70% homologous to any or or combination of: SEQ ID NO: 1 through 19, or any sequence of Table 1, or any variants or functional fragments thereof. In some embodiments of the invention, the invention relates to a method of generating one or more genetically modified organisms comprising: (a) contacting at least one stem cell derived from the germline lineage of an animal or plant by the stem cell with: (i) at least one RTN that mutates a gene of interest; or (ii) at least one expression vector that encodes a RTN that mutates a gene of interest, thereby creating at least one stem cell comprising at least one mutation at a gene of interest; (b) expanding an in vitro culture of the at least one stem cell comprising at least one mutation at a gene of interest; (c) implanting one or more stem cells from the culture of step (b) into an organism.

In some embodiments of the invention, the invention relates to a method of generating one or more genetically modified organisms comprising: (a) contacting at least a first and second set of stem cell derived from the germline lineage of an animal or plant with: (i) at least one RTN that mutates a gene of interest; or (ii) at least one expression vector that encodes a RTN that mutates a gene of interest, thereby creating at least a first and second set of stem cells comprising at least one mutation at a gene of interest; (b) expanding an in vitro culture of the at least one stem cell comprising at least one mutation at a gene of interest; (c) implanting one or more sets of stem cells from the culture of step (b) into an organism. In some embodiments, the method further comprises a third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or ten or more sets of stem cells which have been mutated in a site-specific fashion by a RTN, and, in which case, after expanding each of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or ten or more sets of mutated stem cells, each set of transplanted into a single organism. In some embodiments, the single organism that comprises a set of mutated stem cells is a sterile male.

In some embodiments of the invention, the organism is capable of passing at least one mutation at a gene of interest to progeny by germline transmission. In some embodiments of the invention, the genetically modified organism is a mammal. In some embodiments of the invention, the genetically modified organism is a rat or mini pig. In some embodiments of the invention, the genetically modified organism is a sterile male rat or sterile male mini pig.

In some embodiments of the invention, the method further comprises: breeding the organism implanted with the one or more stem cells with another animal to generate one or more progeny that comprise the mutated gene of interest. In some embodiments of the invention, the method further comprises: breeding the organism implanted with the one or more set of stem cells with another animal to generate one or more progeny that comprise the one or more mutated genes of interest that correspond to each of the mutated stem cell lines.

In some embodiments of the invention, the progeny are mammals.

In some embodiments of the invention, a method of breeding a colony of genetically modified organisms comprising:

(a) contacting at least one stem cell derived from the germline lineage of an animal or plant by the stem cell with: (i) at least one RTN that mutates a gene of interest; or (ii) at least one expression vector that encodes a RTN that mutates a gene of interest, thereby creating a stem cell comprising at least one mutation at a gene of interest;

(b) expanding an in vitro culture of the stem cell comprising at least one mutation at a gene of interest;

(c) implanting the at least one stem cell comprising at least one mutation at a gene of interest from the culture of step (b) into a first organism.

(d) breeding the first organism with a second organism of the same species;

(e) selecting progeny of the first and second organism that comprise the at least one mutation at a gene of interest; and

(f) breeding the progeny to create a colony of organisms that comprise the at least one mutation at a gene of interest.

In some embodiments of the invention, the first and second organisms are mammals.

In some embodiments of the invention, the first and second organisms are rats or mini pigs.

In some embodiments of the invention, the invention relates to a method of manufacturing a first filial generation of genetically modified organisms comprising two or more distinct subsets of organisms, the method comprising:

(a) contacting a first stem cell with: (i) a RTN that mutates a first gene of interest; or (ii) an expression vector that encodes a RTN that mutates a first gene of interest; thereby creating a first stem cell comprising a first mutation;

(b) contacting a second stem cell with a modifying agent, thereby creating a second stem cell comprising a second mutation;

(c) expanding an in vitro culture of each of the first and the second stem cells;

(d) implanting a mixed population of stem cells comprising the first and the second stem cells into an organism;

(e) breeding the organism with another organism of the same species.

In some embodiments of the invention, the first filial generation of genetically modified organisms comprises two or more sets of organisms, each set comprising a distinct mutation of interest derived from a haplotype of distinct stem cells transplanted into a parent of the organism.

In some embodiments of the invention, at least one stem cell of the mixed population is a spermatogonial stem cell of a mammal.

In some embodiments of the invention, the organism is a mammal.

In some embodiments of the invention, a kit comprising:

(a) a RTN or a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a RTN that cleaves a nucleic acid sequence at a gene of interest; and

(b) an instruction manual comprising directions; and, optionally

In some embodiments of the invention, a kit comprising:

(a) In some embodiments of the invention; and, optionally

(b) culture media for the one or more stem cells or one or more embryos.

In some embodiments of the invention, the kit comprises:

(a) an RTN or a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an RTN that cleaves a nucleic acid sequence at a gene of interest; and optionally

(b) culture media for the one or more stem cells or one or more embryos.

In some embodiments of the invention, the kit comprises:

(a) an RTN or a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an RTN that cleaves a nucleic acid sequence at a gene of interest; and

(b) one or more stem cell lines derived from a germline lineage of animal or plant; and, optionally

(c) culture media for the one or more stem cells or one or more embryos; and, optionally

(d) an instruction manual that comprises instructions on how to mutate the one or more stem cells with the RTN or a nucleic acid sequence that encodes the RTN that cleaves a nucleic acid sequence at a gene of interest.

TABLE 1 lsteqvvaia snkggkqale avkahlldll gapyv (SEQ ID NO: 72) lsteqvvava snkggkqala aveaqllrlr aapye (SEQ ID NO: 73) lnteqvvava snkggkqale avgaqllalr avpya (SEQ ID NO: 74) lsteqvvava snkggkqvle avgaqllalr avpye (SEQ ID NO: 75) lsteqvvaia snkggkqale avkahlldll gapyv (SEQ ID NO: 76) lsteqvvaia snkggkqale avkahlldll gapyv (SEQ ID NO: 77) lsteqvvaia snkggkqale avkahlldll gapyv (SEQ ID NO: 78) lsteqvvaia snkggkqale avkaqllelr gapya (SEQ ID NO: 79) lsteqvvava snkggkqala aveaqllrlr aapye (SEQ ID NO: 80) lsteqvvaia snkggkqale avkahlldll gapyv (SEQ ID NO: 81) lsteqvvaia snkggkqale avkahlldll gapyv (SEQ ID NO: 82) lsteqvvaia snnggkqale avkaqlld1r gapya (SEQ ID NO: 83) lsteqvvaia snnggkqale avkaqlpvlr rapyg (SEQ ID NO: 84) lspeqvvaia snnggkpale avkaqllelr aapye (SEQ ID NO: 85) lspeqvvaia snnggkpale avkalllalr aapye (SEQ ID NO: 86) lsteqvvaia snnggkpale avkalllelr aapye (SEQ ID NO: 87) lsteqvvaia snnggkqale avktqllalr tapye (SEQ ID NO: 88) lsteqvvaia snnggkqale avkaqlpalr aapye (SEQ ID NO: 89) lsteqvvaia snnggkqale avkaqllvlr aapyg (SEQ ID NO: 90) lstaqvvaia annggkqale avrallpvlr vapye (SEQ ID NO: 91) lspeqvvaia snnggkqale avkaqllelr aapye (SEQ ID NO: 92) lsteqvvaia snnggkqale avkaqllelr aapye (SEQ ID NO: 93) lspeqvvaia snnggkqale avkaqllelr aapye (SEQ ID NO: 94) lsteqvvaia snnggkqale avkaqllelr aapye (SEQ ID NO: 95) lspeqvvaia snnggkqale avkaqllelr aapye (SEQ ID NO: 96) lsteqvvvia snnggkqale avkaqllalr aapye (SEQ ID NO: 97) lsteqvvaia snnggkqale avkalllelr aapye (SEQ ID NO: 98) lsteqvvaia snnggkqale avktqllalr tapye (SEQ ID NO: 99) lsteqvvaia snnggkqale avkaqlpalr aapye (SEQ ID NO: 100) lspeqvvaia snnggkqale avrallpvlr vapye (SEQ ID NO: 101) lstaqvvaia sngggkqale gigeqllklr tapyg (SEQ ID NO: 102) lsteqvvaia sngggkqale gigkqlqelr aaphg (SEQ ID NO: 103) lstgqvvaia sngggrqale avreqllalr avpye (SEQ ID NO: 104) lstgqvvaia sngggrqale avreqllalr avpye (SEQ ID NO: 105) lstaqvvaia sngggkqale gigeqllklr tapyg (SEQ ID NO: 106) lstaqvvaia sngggkqale gigeqllklr tapyg (SEQ ID NO: 107) lstaqvvaia sngggkqale gigeqlrklr tapyg (SEQ ID NO: 108) lstaqvvaia sngggkqale gigeqllklr tapyg (SEQ ID NO: 109) lsteqvvaia sngggkqale gigkqlqelr aaphg (SEQ ID NO: 110) lntaqvvaia shdggkpale avwaklpvlr gvpye (SEQ ID NO: 111) lntaqvvaia shdggkpale avwaklpvlr gvpye (SEQ ID NO: 112) lntaqvvaia shdggkpale avwaklpvlr gvpya (SEQ ID NO: 113) lsteqvvaia shdggkqale avgaqlvalr aapya (SEQ ID NO: 114) lstaqvvaia shdggnqale avgtqlvalr aapya (SEQ ID NO: 115) lsteqvvaia shdggkqale avgaqlvalr aapya (SEQ ID NO: 116) lntaqivaia shdggkpale aywaklpylr gapya (SEQ ID NO: 117) lstaqvvava shdggkpale avrkqlpylr gvphq (SEQ ID NO: 118) lstaqvvaia shdggkpale aywaklpylr gapya (SEQ ID NO: 119) lntaqvvaia shdggkpale aywaklpylr gvpye (SEQ ID NO: 120) lntaqvvaia shdggkpale aywaklpylr gvpya (SEQ ID NO: 121) lstaqvvaia shdggkqale avgaqlvelr aapya (SEQ ID NO: 122) lsteqvvaia shdggkqale avgaqlvalr aapya (SEQ ID NO: 123) lntaqvvaia shdggkpale avraklpvlr gvpya (SEQ ID NO: 124) ltpqqvvaia shdggkpale aywaklpylr gvpya (SEQ ID NO: 125) ltpqqvvaia shdggkpale aywaklpylr gvpya (SEQ ID NO: 126) lstaqvatia ssiggrqale avkvqlpylr aapyg (SEQ ID NO: 127) lsteqvvvia nsiggkqale avkvqlpylr aapye (SEQ ID NO: 128) lsteqvvvia nsiggkqale avkvqlpylr aapye (SEQ ID NO: 129) lstaqvatia ssiggrqale avkvqlpylr aapyg (SEQ ID NO: 130)

Various modifications of the invention, in addition to those described herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Each reference (including, but not limited to, journal articles, U.S. and non-U.S. patents, patent application publications, international patent application publications, gene bank accession numbers, and the like) cited in the present application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Generating Nucleic Acid Vectors with Ralstonia TALs (RTALs) with Functional Analysis

Cluster analysis and review of sequence homologies of Ralstonia genome revealed the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 which is homolgous to known TAL sequences.

Nucleic acid sequences that encode the polypeptides of the claimed invention will be made through molecular biology techniques known to those with ordinary skill in the art. DNA sequences, for instance, will be synthesized with the XbaI and/or Sail restriction sites flanking each nucleic acid sequence that encodes the polyproteins of the present invention. Polymerase chain reaction will be performed to amplify the DNA with certain restriction endonuclease sites. Sequences will be gel-purified, isolated, and reconstituted in water or suitable buffer for ligation reactions. A plasmid that encodes a protein with effector function (such as nuclease function) that comprises requisite regulatory elements will be ligated to one or more of the nucleic acid sequences that encode the following sequences at the plasmid multiple cloning sites:

a. (SEQ ID NO: 72) LSTEQVVAIAS NK GGKQALEAVKAHLLDLLGAPYV b. (SEQ ID NO: 93) LSTEQVVAIAS NN GGKQALEAVKAQLLELRAAPYE c. (SEQ ID NO: 102) LSTAQVVAIAS NG GGKQALEGIGEQLLKLRTAPYG d. (SEQ ID NO: 134) LSTAQVVAIAS HD GGKPALEAVWAKLPVLRGVPYA e. (SEQ ID NO: 135) LSTEQVVTIAS SI GGKQALEAVKVQLPVLRAAPYE

Plasmid sequences will be transformed in suitable bacteria for production of high copy numbers of plasmid. Plasmids containing at least one polypeptide above can be selected using antibiotic selection, isolated and purified from bacterial cells using techniques known to those skilled in the art.

Plasmids will also be built and in-vitro testing of expressed DNA-binding polypeptides will be validated using the methods described in Nature Biotechnology 2012 May; 30(5):460-5. “FLASH assembly of TALENs for high-throughput genome editing.” Reyon D, Tsai S Q, Khayter C, Foden J A, Sander J D, Joung J K, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Construction of a Plasmid Archive Encoding Pre-Assembled TALE Repeats

We sought to construct TALE repeat arrays using the same architecture first described by Miller, J. C. et al. “A TALE nuclease architecture for efficient genome editing.”, Nat Biotechnol. 2011; 29: 143-148 in which distinct TALE repeat backbones that differ slightly in their amino acid and DNA sequences occur in a repeated pattern. In some embodiments, we designated the first, amino-terminal TALE repeat in an array as the α unit. This is followed by β, γ; and δ units and then an ε unit that is essentially identical to the α unit except for the different positioning of a Type IIS restriction site on the 5′ end (required to enable creation of a unique overhang on the α unit needed for cloning). The ε unit is then followed again by repeats of β, γ; δ and ε units. Due to constraints related to creation of a 3′end required for cloning, slightly modified DNA sequences were required for TALE repeat arrays that end with a carboxyterminal γ or ε unit.

Preparation of TALE Repeat-Encoding DNA Fragments for FLASH Assembly

To prepare DNA fragments encoding α units for use in FLASH assembly, we will perform 20 rounds of PCR with each α unit plasmid as a template using primers oJS2581(5′-Biotin-TCTAGAGAAGACAAGAACCTGACC-3′, SEQ ID NO: 20) and oJS2582(5′-GGATCCGGTCTCTTAAGGCCGTGG-3′, SEQ ID NO: 21). The resulting PCR products will be biotinylated on the 5′ end. Each a PCR product will then be digested with 40 units of BsaI-HF restriction enzyme to generate 4 bp overhangs, purified using the QIAquick PCR purification kit (QIAGEN) according to manufacturer's instructions except that the final product will be eluted in 50 μl of 0.1×EB.

To prepare DNA fragments encoding polypeptide repeats, we will digest 10 μg of each of these plasmids with 50 units of BsaI restriction enzyme in NEBuffer 2 for 2 hours at 37° C. followed by serial restriction digests performed in NEBuffer 4 at 37° C. using 100 units each of XbaI, BamHI-HF, and SalI-HF enzymes that will be added at 5 minute intervals. The latter set of restriction digestions will be designed to cleave the plasmid backbone to ensure that this larger DNA fragment will not interfere with subsequent ligations performed during the FLASH assembly process. These restriction digest reactions will then be purified using the QIAquick PCR purification kit (QIAGEN) according to manufacturer's instructions except that the final product will be eluted in 180 μl of 0.1×EB.

Automated FLASH Assembly

All steps of FLASH assembly will be performed using a Sciclone G3 liquid-handling workstation (Caliper) or similar device sold by another company in 96-well plates and using a SPRIplate 96-ring magnet (Beckman Coulter Genomics) and a DynaMag-96 Side magnet (Life Technologies). In the first step of FLASH, a biotinylated α unit fragment will be ligated to the first βγδε fragment and then the resulting αβγδε fragments will be bound to Dynabeads MyOne C1 streptavidin-coated magnetic beads (Life Technologies) in 2×B&W Buffer. Beads will then be drawn to the side of the well by placing the plate on the magnet and then will be washed with 100 μl B&W buffer with 0.005% Tween 20 (Sigma) and again with 100 μl 0.1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA) (New England Biolabs). Additional βγδε fragments will be ligated by removing the plate from the magnet, resuspending the beads in solution in each well, digesting the bead-bound fragment with Bsal-HF restriction enzyme, placing the plate on the magnet, washing with 100 μl B&W/Tween20 followed by 100μI of 0.1 mg/ml BSA, and then ligating the next fragment. This process will be repeated multiple times with additional βγδε units to extend the bead-bound fragment. The last fragment to be ligated is always a β, β β*, βγδ, or δε* unit to enable cloning of the full-length fragment into expression vectors (note that fragments that end with a δε* unit will always be preceded by ligation of a βγ unit).

The final full-length bead-bound fragment will be digested with 40 units of Bsal-HF restriction enzyme followed by 25 units of BsaI restriction enzyme (New England Biolabs). Digestion with BsaI will release the fragment from the beads and generates a unique 5′ overhang for cloning of the fragment. Digestion with Bsal-HF results in creation of a unique 3′ overhang for cloning.

Subcloning of TALE Repeat Array-Encoding DNA Fragments into TALEN Expression Vectors

We will subclone DNA fragments encoding our FLASH assembled TALE repeat arrays into TALE expression vectors. In some embodiments, there will be 4 or more separate plasmids. In some embodiments, vectors will include a CMV promoter, a translational start codon optimized for mammalian cell expression, a triple FLAG epitope tag, a nuclear localization signal, amino acids 153 to 288 from the TALE 13 protein (as numbered by Miller et al. 6), two unique and closely positioned Type IIS BsmBI restriction sites, a 0.5 TALE repeat domain encoding RVDs, amino acids 715 to 777 from the TALE 13 protein, and the wild-type FokI cleavage domain.

All DNA fragments assembled by FLASH will possess overhangs that enable directional cloning into any of the expression vectors that will be digested with BsmBI. Standard TALEN expression vectors (each possessing a different 0.5 TALE repeat) are available from suppliers such as Addgene and full sequences of these plasmids are freely available on a web page dedicated to these constructs: [[http://www.]]addgene.org/talengineering/expressionvectors/for synthetic construction.

To prepare a TALEN expression vector for subcloning, we will digest 5 μg of plasmid DNA with 50 units of BsmBI restriction enzyme (New England Biolabs) in NEBuffer 3 for 8 hours at 55 degrees C. Digested DNA will be purified using 90 μl of Ampure XP beads (Agencourt) according to manufacturer's instructions and will be diluted to a final concentration of 5 ng/l in 1 mM TrisHCl. FLASH-assembled TALE repeat arrays will be ligated into TALEN expression vectors using 400 U of T4 DNA Ligase (New England Biolabs). Ligation products will be transformed into chemically competent XL-1 Blue cells. Typically, six colonies will be picked for each ligation and plasmid DNA will be isolated by an alkaline lysis miniprep procedure. Simultaneously, the same colonies will be screened by PCR using primers oSQT34 (5′-GACGGTGGCTGTCAAATACCAAGATATG-3′, SEQ ID NO: 22) and oSQT35 (5′-TCTCCTCCAGTTCACTTTTGACTAGTTGGG-3′, SEQ ID NO: 23). PCR products will be analyzed on a QIAxcel capillary electrophoresis system (Qiagen). Miniprep DNA from clones that contaid correctly sized PCR products will be sent for DNA sequence confirmation with primers oSQT1 (5′-AGTAACAGCGGTAGAGGCAG-3′, SEQ ID NO: 24), oSQT3 (5′-ATTGGGCTACGATGGACTCC-3′, SEQ ID NO: 210), and oJS2980 (5′-TTAATTCAATATATTCATGAGGCAC-3′, SEQ ID NO: 25); oSQT1 anneals at the 5′ end of the TALE repeat array coding sequence and will enable sequencing of the amino-terminal half of the assembled array, oSQT3 anneals at the 3′ end of the TALE repeat array coding sequence and enables sequencing of the carboxy-terminal half of the assembled array, and oJS2980 primes within the coding sequence of the FokI domain (downstream of oSQT3) and will enable sequencing and verification of the carboxy-terminal 0.5 TALE repeat domain.

We will screen six colonies for each assembly as described above, followed by six additional colonies if necessary. With this approach, one or more sequence-verified clones for >90% of assembly reactions. These percentages will be derived primarily from experiments designed to construct DNA fragments encoding 16.5 TALE repeats.

EGFP TALEN Activity and Toxicity Assays

EGFP reporter assays will be performed in a clonal U2OS human cell line bearing an integrated construct that constitutively expresses an EGFP-PEST fusion protein. This clonal line will be derived from a polyclonal U2OS EGFP-PEST reporter line. Clonal U2OS EGFP-PEST cells will be cultured in Advanced DMEM (Life Technologies) supplemented with 10% FBS, 2 mM GlutaMax (Life Technologies), penicillin/streptomycin, and 400 pg/ml G418. Cells will be transfected in triplicate with 500 ng of each TALEN plasmid DNA and 50 ng ptdTomato-N1 plasmid DNA using a Lonza 4D-Nucleofector System, Solution SE, and program DN-100 according to manufacturer's instructions. 1 pg of ptdTomato-N1 plasmid alone will be transfected in triplicate as a negative control. Cells will be assayed for EGFP and tdTomato expression at 2 and 5 days post-transfection using a BD FACSAriall flow cytometer.

PCR Amplification and Sequence Verification of Endogenous Human Genes

PCR reactions to amplify targeted loci will be performed using the primers shown in Supplementary Table 5. Standard PCR conditions with Phusion Hot Start II high-fidelity DNA polymerase (Thermo-Fisher) will be performed according to manufacturer's instructions for 35 cycles (98° C., 10 s denaturation; 68° C., 15 s annealing; 72° C., 30 s extension). For loci that do not amplify under standard conditions we will use one of the following modifications: 1) the addition of betaine to a final concentration of 1.8M, 2) touchdown PCR ([98° C., 10 s; 72-62° C., −1° C./cycle, 15s; 72° C., 30s]_(10 cycles) , [98° C., 10 s; 62° C., −1° C./cycle, 15s; 72° C., 30s]_(25 cycles)) with 1.8M betaine, and 3) the addition of 3% or 5% DMSO and an annealing temperature of 65° C. PCR products will be analyzed for correct size on a QIAxcel capillary electrophoresis system. Correctly sized products will be treated with ExoSap-IT (Affymetrix) to remove unincorporated nucleotides or primers and sent for DNA sequencing to confirm the endogenous gene sequence.

T7 Endonuclease I Assay for Quantifying NHEJ-Mediated Mutation of Endogenous Human Genes

U2OS-EGFP cells will be cultured and transfected in duplicate as described above. Genomic DNA was isolated from cells transfected with TALEN-encoding or control plasmids using a high-throughput magnetic-bead based purification system (Agencourt DNAdvance) according to the manufacturer's instructions. PCR to amplify endogenous loci will be performed for 35 cycles as described above and fragments were purified with Ampure XP (Agencourt) according to manufacturer's instructions. 200 ng of purified PCR product will be denatured and reannealed in NEBuffer 2 (New England Biolabs) using a thermocycler with the following protocol (95° C., 5 min; 95-85° C. at −2° C./s; 85-25° C. at −0.1° C./s; hold at 4° C.).33 Hybridized PCR products were treated with 10 U of T7 Endonuclease I at 37° C. for 15 minutes in a reaction volume of 20 al. Reactions were stopped by the addition of 2 μl 0.5 M EDTA, purified with Ampure XP, and quantified on a QIAxcel capillary electrophoresis system using method OM500. The sum of the area beneath TALEN-specific cleavage peaks (expressed as a percentage of the parent amplicon peak, denoted fraction cleaved) is used to estimate gene modification levels using the following equation as previously described. (% gene modification=100×(1-(1-fraction cleaved)^(1/2))

Example 2

Five fragments shown below were synthesized and each cloned into a modified pUC57: pUC57-ΔBsal (vectors as disclosed in Juong et. al. FLASH assembly paper). It contains single basepair change to disrupt a Bsal site) with XbaI and BamHI.

RTNI EBEs: NK: XbaI Bb sI ATGCA T{circumflex over ( )}CTAGA-GAAGACAA{circumflex over ( )}CTGA- GCACCGAGCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGCAACAAGGGCGGCAAGCAGGCC CTGGAGGCCGTGAAGGCCCACCTGCTGGACCTGCTGGGCGCCCCCTACGA G-CTGA{circumflex over ( )}AGAGACC-G{circumflex over ( )}GATCC(CGGGC) SEQ ID NO: 26) BsaI BamHI NN: ATGCA TCTAGAGAAGACAACTGAGCACCGAGCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGCAAC AACGGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGAAGGCCCAGCTGCTGGAGCT GAGGGCCGCCCCCTACGAGCTGAAGAGACCGGATCC CGGGC (SEQ ID NO: 27) NG: ATGCA TCTAGAGAAGACAACTGAGCACCGagCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGCAAC GGCGGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGGCATCGGCGAGCAGCTGCTGAAGCT GAGGACCGCCCCCTACGAGCTGAAGAGACCGGATCC CGGGC (SEQ ID NO: 28) HD: ATGCA TCTAGAGAAGACAACTGAGCACCGagCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGCCAC GACGGCGGCAAGCCCGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGTGGGCCAAGCTGCCCGTGCT GAGGGGCGTGCCCTACGAGCTGAAGAGACCGGATCC CGGGC (SEQ ID NO: 29) SI: ATGCA TCTAGAGAAGACAACTGAGCACCGAGCAGGTGGTGACCATCGCCAGCAGC ATCGGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGAAGGTGCAGCTGCCCGTGCT GAGGGCCGCCCCCTACGAGCTGAAGAGACCGGATCC CGGGC (SEQ ID NO: 30)

For proof of principle, these cloned fragments will be used to generate chimeric proteins of six repeat units fused to FokI nuclease, following the exact protocol in Joung's FLASH TALEN paper, i.e. a chimeric protein that targets a string of A (C,T and G)nucleotides. These chimeric proteins will then be tested for binding/targeting efficiency to desired DNA bases using a reporter construct.

Once the binding efficiency of these units are confirmed, a library of Ralstonia EBEs will be generated that will be an exact copy of FALSH TALEN's Xanthomonas EBE library. This library can then be used to generate Ralstonia TALENs following the exact protocol of the FLASH TALEN system.

Example 3. Generating Nucleic Acid Vectors with Methylesterase

Additional sequences cloned from other species or cloned from the same species may be used functionally as an enzyme either by itself or in series as a monomer or polymer (protein fusion) for performing any of the experiments disclosed herein with DNA recognition. A RVD identification consensus sequence was created using sequence optimization techniques known in the art. A BLAST search was performed across methlyesterase sequences in bacterial species (see FIG. 1). The following polypeptides were identified as having DNA base pair recognition capability similar to the nucleic acid sequences and polypeptides disclosed herein SEQ ID NO: 1-19:

TAL EBE against methylesterases #1 Xanthomonas Consensus EBEs LTPDQVVAIASNGGGKQALETVQRLLPVLCQDHG (SEQ ID NO: 31) LTPEQVVAIANNNGGKQALETVQRLLPVLCQAHG (SEQ ID NO: 32) LTPDQVVAIASHDGGKQALETVQRLLPVLCQAHG (SEQ ID NO: 33) LTPAQVVAIASNIGGKQALETVQRLLPVLCQDHG (SEQ ID NO: 34) EJO92907 166 TTDRVVALGTSTGGTQALEVVLRQLPVDC 194 (SEQ ID NO: 35) YP_001187060 166 TTDRVVALGTSTGGTQALEVVLRQLPVDC 194 (SEQ ID NO: 35) YP_003847734 169 MTSEQIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC 198 (SEQ ID NO: 36) ZP_08780698 167 TTDRVVAIGTSTGGTQALEVVLTALPRVC 195 (SEQ ID NO: 37) YP_004846745 185 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALETVLHRLPATC 213 (SEQ ID NO: 38) YP_005027668 186 TTDKIIAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTKLPAVC 214 (SEQ ID NO: 39) ZP_10991552 174 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALETVLTALPRVC 202 (SEQ ID NO: 40) YP_001792820 162 TTERVVALGTSTGGTQALEVVLRTLPRVC 190 (SEQ ID NO: 58) EKE17764 172 TTDQLIAIGTSTGGTQALEAILTKLPATC 200 (SEQ ID NO: 62) ZP_03698248 178 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALETVLPRLPATC 206 (SEQ ID NO: 44) EGH48032  11 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC  39 (SEQ ID NO: 136) ZP_06495900   1 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) ZP_10381001  76 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC 104 (SEQ ID NO: 136) ZP_10442431 158 TSDKVVAIGASTGGTQALELLLTGLPAVC 186 (SEQ ID NO: 45) #2 ZP_10991552 174 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALETVLTALPRVC 202 (SEQ ID NO: 138) EGH48032  11 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC  39 (SEQ ID NO: 136) ZP_06495900   1 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EGH61007 172 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC 200 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EGH06695 172 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC 200 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EGH31878 172 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC 200 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EGH66597 172 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC 200 (SEQ ID NO: 136) ZP_07003572 172 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC 200 (SEQ ID NO: 136) ZP_06457223 172 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC 200 (SEQ ID NO: 136) ZP_04590480 172 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC 200 (SEQ ID NO: 136) ZP_07251539 172 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC 200 (SEQ ID NO: 136) NP_790747 172 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC 200 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EGH77388 172 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC 200 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EFW86187 172 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC 200 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EGH54563 172 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC 200 (SEQ ID NO: 136) YP_233877 172 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC 200 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EGH23390 172 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC 200 (SEQ ID NO: 136) ZP_05638023 172 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC 200 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EGH71924  16 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC 134 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EFW82095 172 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC 200 (SEQ ID NO: 136) ZP_07265841 172 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC 200 (SEQ ID NO: 136) YP_273082 172 TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC 200 (SEQ ID NO: 136) YP_004030667 117 FSQADIVRIADNIGGAQALKAVLEHGPTL 145 (SEQ ID NO: 46) YP_004030667 186 ADIVKIASNGGGAQALEAVAMEIGSTLCE 213 (SEQ ID NO: 46) YP_004030667 153 ADIVKIAGNGGGARALKAVVMHGPTLCE 180 (SEQ ID NO: 48) ZP_10995147 155 TTDRVVALGCSTGGTQALEFILRQLPRDC 183 (SEQ ID NO: 49) EGH56182  30 ALAAAVGGKGALEVPANLIPANCE  53 (SEQ ID NO: 50) YP_003907367 173 RIVAIGTSTGGTQALEVVLTALP 195 (SEQ ID NO: 51) EBE1 LTPDQVVAIASNGGGKQALETVQRLLPVLCQDHG  34 (SEQ ID NO: 52) EBE4 LTPAQVVAIASNIGGKQALETVQRLLPVLCQDHG  34 (SEQ ID NO: 53) EBE3 LTPDQVVAIASHDGGKQALETVQRLLPVLCQAHG  34 (SEQ ID NO: 54) EBE2 LTPEQVVAIANNNGGKQALETVQRLLPVLCQAHG  34 (SEQ ID NO: 55) ZP_07265841_2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) YP_27308_2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EFW82095_2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EGH71924_2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) ZP_05638023_2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EGH23390_2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 36) YP_233877_2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EGH54563_2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EFW86187_2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EGH77388_2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) NP_790747_2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) ZP_07251539 2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) ZP_04590480 2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) ZP_06457223 2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) ZP_07003572 2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EGH66597_2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EGH31878_2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EGH06695_2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EGH61007_2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) ZP_06495900_2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EGH48032_2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) ZP_10381001 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) ZP_06495900 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) EGH48032 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 136) YP_003847734 MTSEQIVAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTALPRVC----  30 (SEQ ID NO: 137) ZP_10991552 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALETVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 138) ZP_10991552_2 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALETVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 40) YP_003907367_2 ----RIVAIGTSTGGTQALEVVLTALP-------  23 (SEQ ID NO: 51) EJO92907 -TTDRVVALGTSTGGTQALEVVLRQLPVDC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 56) YP_001187060 -TTDRVVALGTSTGGTQALEVVLRQLPVDC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 56) ZP_10995147_2 -TTDRVVALGCSTGGTQALEFILRQLPRDC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 57) YP_001792820 -TTERVVALGTSTGGTQALEVVLRTLPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 58) ZP_08780698 -TTDRVVAIGTSTGGTQALEVVLTALPRVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 59) YP_004846745 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALETVLHRLPATC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 38) ZP_03698248 -TTERIVAIGTSTGGTQALETVLPRLPATC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 44) YP_00527668 -TTDKIIAIGTSTGGTQALEAVLTKLPAVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 61) EKE17764 -TTDQLIAIGTSTGGTQALEAILTKLPATC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 62) ZP_10442431 -TSDKVVAIGASTGGTQALELLLTGLPAVC----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 63) YP_004030667_2b ---ADIVKIASNGGGAQALEAVAMHGSTLCE---  28 (SEQ ID NO: 64) YP_004030667_2c ---ADIVKIAGNGGGARALKAVVMHGPTLCE---  28 (SEQ ID NO: 65) YP_004030667_2a FSQADIVRIADNIGGAQALKAVLEHGPTL-----  29 (SEQ ID NO: 66) EGH56182_2 -------ALAAAVGGKGALEVPANLIPANCE---  24 (SEQ ID NO: 67)

Example 4

A pair of Bmpr2 specific EBEs (Ralstonia DNA binding domain, 16EBEs each) were gene synthesized and cloned into XTN-BB (Xanthomonas TAL backbone fused to FokI). These constructs were co-transfected into Rat C6 cells and gDNA extracted after 48 hrs for Cell surveyor nuclease assay. If successful, the assay should produce 240 bp and 150 bp subpopulations from the original 400 bp amplicon of the locus. The results are shown in the FIG. 2.

The assay reveals the expected 250 bp and 150 bp bands in the Ralstonia and Xanthomonas TALEN transfected cells, which are absent in the WT negative control. This indicates that the Ralstonia EBEs target this locus and the fusion of FokI nuclease to Ralstonia EBEs lead to targeted digestion of genomic DNA. Using the 250 bp band, 5.75% for XTN, 1.82% for RTN. Using the 150 bp band, 3.66% for XTN, 5.43% for RTN.

BmpR2 Target site T-T-GATA-GTCG-CCTT-ATG-TtttggatacagaatgtT-GAC-AGGT-AAAC- GAAA-T-A (SEQ ID NO: 141) Fwd RTN TGATAGTCGCCTTATG (SEQ ID NO: 142) Rev RTN ATTTGGTTTACCTGTC (SEQ ID NO: 143) Note: the first and last nucleotide of the targeted site (underlined) are not specified by ht eRTNs. These are specified by the Xanthomonas TALEN backbone.

Bmpr2 FWD RTN EBEs′ amino acid sequence: LSTAQVVAIAS NG GGKQALEGIGEQLLKLRTAPYG (SEQ ID NO: 102) LSTEQVVAIAS NK GGKQALEAVKAHLLDLLGAPYV (SEQ ID NO: 72) LSTEQVVAIAS NN GGKQALEAVKAQLLELRAAPYE (SEQ ID NO: 93) LSTAQVVAIAS NG GGKQALEGIGEQLLKLRTAPYG (SEQ ID NO: 102) LSTEQVVAIAS NN GGKQALEAVKAQLLELRAAPYE (SEQ ID NO: 93) LSTEQVVAIAS NK GGKQALEAVKAHLLDLLGAPYV (SEQ ID NO: 72) LSTAQVVAIAS NG GGKQALEGIGEQLLKLRTAPYG (SEQ ID NO: 102) LSTAQVVAIAS HD GGKPALEAVWAKLPVLRGVPYA (SEQ ID NO: 134) LSTEQVVAIAS NK GGKQALEAVKAHLLDLLGAPYV (SEQ ID NO: 72) LSTAQVVAIAS HD GGKPALEAVWAKLPVLRGVPYA (SEQ ID NO: 134) LSTAQVVAIAS HD GGKPALEAVWAKLPVLRGVPYA (SEQ ID NO: 134) LSTAQVVAIAS NG GGKQALEGIGEQLLKLRTAPYG (SEQ ID NO: 102) LSTAQVVAIAS NG GGKQALEGIGEQLLKLRTAPYG (SEQ ID NO: 102) LSTEQVVAIAS NN GGKQALEAVKAQLLELRAAPYE (SEQ ID NO: 93) LSTAQVVAIAS NG GGKQALEGIGEQLLKLRTAPYG (SEQ ID NO: 102) LSTEQVVAIAS NK GGKQALEAVKAHLLDLLGAPYV (SEQ ID NO: 72) Bmpr2 FWD RTN DNA sequence: (Bolded font: synthesized Ralstonia EBEs) This sequence is Contiguous (SEQ ID NO: 145): GACGGATCGGGAGATCTCCCGATCCCCTATGGTCGACTCTCAGTACAATCTGCTCTGATGCCGCATAGTTAAGCCAGTATCTG CTCCCTGCTTGTGTGTTGGAGGTCGCTGAGTAGTGCGCGAGCAAAATTTAAGCTACAACAAGGCAAGGCTTGACCGACAATTG CATGAAGAATCTGCTTAGGGTTAGGCGTTTTGCGCTGCTTCGCGATGTACGGGCCAGATATACGCGTTGACATTGATTATTGA CTAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTCATTAGTTCATAGCCCATATATGGAGTTCCGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAAT GGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCCCAACGACCCCCGCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAACGCCAATAGGGAC TTTCCATTGACGTCAATGGGTGGAGTATTTACGGTAAACTGCCCACTTGGCAGTACATCAAGTGTATCATATGCCAAGTACGC CCCCTATTGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCATTATGCCCAGTACATGACCTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAG TACATCTACGTATTAGTCATCGCTATTACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATCAATGGGCGTGGATAGCGGTTTGACTC ACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGACGTCAATGGGAGTTTGTTTTGGCACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTC GTAACAACTCCGCCCCATTGACGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTGGGAGGTCTATATAAGCAGAGCTCTCTGGCTAACT AGAGAACCCACTGCTTACTGGCTTATCGAAATTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGACCCAAGCTGGCTAGCACCATGGACTACA AAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCATGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGATGGCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAG GTGGGCATTCACCGCGGGGTACCTATGGTGGACTTGAGGACACTCGGTTATTCGCAACAGCAACAGGAGAAAATCAAGCCTAA GGTCAGGAGCACCGTCGCGCAACACCACGAGGCGCTTGTGGGGCATGGCTTCACTCATGCGCATATTGTCGCGCTTTCACAGC ACCCTGCGGCGCTTGGGACGGTGGCTGTCAAATACCAAGATATGATTGCGGCCCTGCCCGAAGCCACGCACGAGGCAATTGTA GGGGTCGGTAAACAGTGGTCGGGAGCGCGAGCACTTGAGGCGCTGCTGACTGTGGCGGGTGAGCTTAGGGGGCCTCCGCTCCA GCTCGACACCGGGCAGCTGCTGAAGATCGCGAAGAGAGGGGGAGTAACAGCGGTAGAGGCAGTGCACGCCTGGCGCAATGCGC TCACCGGGGCCCCCTTGAAC CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACGGC GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGGCATCGGCGAGCAGCTGCTGAAGCTGAGGACCGCCCCCTACGGC CTGAGCACCGAGCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACAAG GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGAAGGCCCACCTGCTGGACCTGCTGGGCGCCCCCTACGTG CTGAGCACCGAGCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACAAC GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGAAGGCCCAGCTGCTGGAGCTGAGGGCCGCCCCCTACGAG CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACGGC GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGGCATCGGCGAGCAGCTGCTGAAGCTGAGGACCGCCCCCTACGGC CTGAGCACCGAGCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACAAC GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGAAGGCCCAGCTGCTGGAGCTGAGGGCCGCCCCCTACGAG CTGAGCACCGAGCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACAAG GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGAAGGCCCACCTGCTGGACCTGCTGGGCGCCCCCTACGTG CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACGGC GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGGCATCGGCGAGCAGCTGCTGAAGCTGAGGACCGCCCCCTACGGC CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC CACGAC GGCGGCAAGCCCGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGTGGGCCAAGCTGCCCGTGCTGAGGGGCGTGCCCTACGCC CTGAGCACCGAGCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACAAG GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGAAGGCCCACCTGCTGGACCTGCTGGGCGCCCCCTACGTG CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC CACGAC GGCGGCAAGCCCGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGTGGGCCAAGCTGCCCGTGCTGAGGGGCGTGCCCTACGCC CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC CACGAC GGCGGCAAGCCCGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGTGGGCCAAGCTGCCCGTGCTGAGGGGCGTGCCCTACGCC CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACGGC GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGGCATCGGCGAGCAGCTGCTGAAGCTGAGGACCGCCCCCTACGGC CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACGGC GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGGCATCGGCGAGCAGCTGCTGAAGCTGAGGACCGCCCCCTACGGC CTGAGCACCGAGCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACAAC GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGAAGGCCCAGCTGCTGGAGCTGAGGGCCGCCCCCTACGAG CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACGGC GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGGCATCGGCGAGCAGCTGCTGAAGCTGAGGACCGCCCCCTACGGC CTGAGCACCGAGCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACAAG GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGAAGGCCCACCTGCTGGACCTGCTGGGCGCCCCCTACGTG CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGCAACGGCGGAGGACGGCCAGCCTTGGAGTCCATCGTAGCCCAATTGTCCAG GCCCGATCCCGCGTTGGCTGCGTTAACGAATGACCATCTGGTGGCGTTGGCATGTCTTGGTGGACGACCCGCGCTCGATGCAG TCAAAAAGGGTCTGCCTCATGCTCCCGCATTGATCAAAAGAACCAACCGGCGGATTCCCGAGAGAACTTCCCATCGAGTCGCG GGATCCCAACTAGTCAAAAGTGAACTGGAGGAGAAGAAATCTGAACTTCGTCATAAATTGAAATATGTGCCTCATGAATATAT TGAATTAATTGAAATTGCCAGAAATTCCACTCAGGATAGAATTCTTGAAATGAAGGTAATGGAATTTTTTATGAAAGTTTATG GATATAGAGGTAAACATTTGGGTGGATCAAGGAAACCGGACGGAGCAATTTATACTGTCGGATCTCCTATTGATTACGGTGTG ATCGTGGATACTAAAGCTTATAGCGGAGGTTATAATCTGCCAATTGGCCAAGCAGATGAAATGCAACGATATGTCGAAGAAAA TCAAACACGAAACAAACATATCAACCCTAATGAATGGTGGAAAGTCTATCCATCTTCTGTAACGGAATTTAAGTTTTTATTTG TGAGTGGTCACTTTAAAGGAAACTACAAAGCTCAGCTTACACGATTAAATCATATCACTAATTGTAATGGAGCTGTTCTTAGT GTAGAAGAGCTTTTAATTGGTGGAGAAATGATTAAAGCCGGCACATTAACCTTAGAGGAAGTCAGACGGAAATTTAATAACGG CGAGATAAACTTTTAAGGGCCCTTCGAAGGTAAGCCTATCCCTAACCCTCTCCTCGGTCTCGATTCTACGCGTACCGGTCATC ATCACCATCACCATTGAGTTTAAACCCGCTGATCAGCCTCGACTGTGCCTTCTAGTTGCCAGCCATCTGTTGTTTGCCCCTCC CCCGTGCCTTCCTTGACCCTGGAAGGTGCCACTCCCACTGTCCTTTCCTAATAAAATGAGGAAATTGCATCGCATTGTCTGAG TAGGTGTCATTCTATTCTGGGGGGTGGGGTGGGGCAGGACAGCAAGGGGGAGGATTGGGAAGACAATAGCAGGCATGCTGGGG ATGCGGTGGGCTCTATGGCTTCTGAGGCGGAAAGAACCAGCTGGGGCTCTAGGGGGTATCCCCACGCGCCCTGTAGCGGCGCA TTAAGCGCGGCGGGTGTGGTGGTTACGCGCAGCGTGACCGCTACACTTGCCAGCGCCCTAGCGCCCGCTCCTTTCGCTTTCTT CCCTTCCTTTCTCGCCACGTTCGCCGGCTTTCCCCGTCAAGCTCTAAATCGGGGCATCCCTTTAGGGTTCCGATTTAGTGCTT TACGGCACCTCGACCCCAAAAAACTTGATTAGGGTGATGGTTCACGTAGTGGGCCATCGCCCTGATAGACGGTTTTTCGCCCT TTGACGTTGGAGTCCACGTTCTTTAATAGTGGACTCTTGTTCCAAACTGGAACAACACTCAACCCTATCTCGGTCTATTCTTT TGATTTATAAGGGATTTTGGGGATTTCGGCCTATTGGTTAAAAAATGAGCTGATTTAACAAAAATTTAACGCGAATTAATTCT GTGGAATGTGTGTCAGTTAGGGTGTGGAAAGTCCCCAGGCTCCCAGGCAGGCAGAAGTATGCAAAGCATGCATCTCAATTAGT CAGCAACCAGGTGTGGAAAGTCCCCAGGCTCCCCAGCAGGCAGAAGTATGCAAAGCATGCATCTCAATTAGTCAGCAACCATA GTCCCGCCCCTAACTCCGCCCATCCCGCCCCTAACTCCGCCCAGTTCCGCCCATTCTCCGCCCCATGGCTGACTAATTTTTTT TATTTATGCAGAGGCCGAGGCCGCCTCTGCCTCTGAGCTATTCCAGAAGTAGTGAGGAGGCTTTTTTGGAGGCCTAGGCTTTT GCAAAAAGCTCCCGGGAGCTTGTATATCCATTTTCGGATCTGATCAGCACGTGTTGACAATTAATCATCGGCATAGTATATCG GCATAGTATAATACGACAAGGTGAGGAACTAAACCATGGCCAAGCCTTTGTCTCAAGAAGAATCCACCCTCATTGAAAGAGCA ACGGCTACAATCAACAGCATCCCCATCTCTGAAGACTACAGCGTCGCCAGCGCAGCTCTCTCTAGCGACGGCCGCATCTTCAC TGGTGTCAATGTATATCATTTTACTGGGGGACCTTGTGCAGAACTCGTGGTGCTGGGCACTGCTGCTGCTGCGGCAGCTGGCA ACCTGACTTGTATCGTCGCGATCGGAAATGAGAACAGGGGCATCTTGAGCCCCTGCGGACGGTGTCGACAGGTGCTTCTCGAT CTGCATCCTGGGATCAAAGCGATAGTGAAGGACAGTGATGGACAGCCGACGGCAGTTGGGATTCGTGAATTGCTGCCCTCTGG TTATGTGTGGGAGGGCTAAGCACTTCGTGGCCGAGGAGCAGGACTGACACGTGCTACGAGATTTCGATTCCACCGCCGCCTTC TATGAAAGGTTGGGCTTCGGAATCGTTTTCCGGGACGCCGGCTGGATGATCCTCCAGCGCGGGGATCTCATGCTGGAGTTCTT CGCCCACCCCAACTTGTTTATTGCAGCTTATAATGGTTACAAATAAAGCAATAGCATCACAAATTTCACAAATAAAGCATTTT TTTCACTGCATTCTAGTTGTGGTTTGTCCAAACTCATCAATGTATCTTATCATGTCTGTATACCGTCGACCTCTAGCTAGAGC TTGGCGTAATCATGGTCATAGCTGTTTCCTGTGTGAAATTGTTATCCGCTCACAATTCCACACAACATACGAGCCGGAAGCAT AAAGTGTAAAGCCTGGGGTGCCTAATGAGTGAGCTAACTCACATTAATTGCGTTGCGCTCACTGCCCGCTTTCCAGTCGGGAA ACCTGTCGTGCCAGCTGCATTAATGAATCGGCCAACGCGCGGGGAGAGGCGGTTTGCGTATTGGGCGCTCTTCCGCTTCCTCG CTCACTGACTCGCTGCGCTCGGTCGTTCGGCTGCGGCGAGCGGTATCAGCTCACTCAAAGGCGGTAATACGGTTATCCACAGA ATCAGGGGATAACGCAGGAAAGAACATGTGAGCAAAAGGCCAGCAAAAGGCCAGGAACCGTAAAAAGGCCGCGTTGCTGGCGT TTTTCCATAGGCTCCGCCCCCCTGACGAGCATCACAAAAATCGACGCTCAAGTCAGAGGTGGCGAAACCCGACAGGACTATAA AGATACCAGGCGTTTCCCCCTGGAAGCTCCCTCGTGCGCTCTCCTGTTCCGACCCTGCCGCTTACCGGATACCTGTCCGCCTT TCTCCCTTCGGGAAGCGTGGCGCTTTCTCAATGCTCACGCTGTAGGTATCTCAGTTCGGTGTAGGTCGTTCGCTCCAAGCTGG GCTGTGTGCACGAACCCCCCGTTCAGCCCGACCGCTGCGCCTTATCCGGTAACTATCGTCTTGAGTCCAACCCGGTAAGACAC GACTTATCGCCACTGGCAGCAGCCACTGGTAACAGGATTAGCAGAGCGAGGTATGTAGGCGGTGCTACAGAGTTCTTGAAGTG GTGGCCTAACTACGGCTACACTAGAAGGACAGTATTTGGTATCTGCGCTCTGCTGAAGCCAGTTACCTTCGGAAAAAGAGTTG GTAGCTCTTGATCCGGCAAACAAACCACCGCTGGTAGCGGTGGTTTTTTTGTTTGCAAGCAGCAGATTACGCGCAGAAAAAAA GGATCTCAAGAAGATCCTTTGATCTTTTCTACGGGGTCTGACGCTCAGTGGAACGAAAACTCACGTTAAGGGATTTTGGTCAT GAGATTATCAAAAAGGATCTTCACCTAGATCCTTTTAAATTAAAAATGAAGTTTTAAATCAATCTAAAGTATATATGAGTAAA CTTGGTCTGACAGTTACCAATGCTTAATCAGTGAGGCACCTATCTCAGCGATCTGTCTATTTCGTTCATCCATAGTTGCCTGA CTCCCCGTCGTGTAGATAACTACGATACGGGAGGGCTTACCATCTGGCCCCAGTGCTGCAATGATACCGCGAGACCCACGCTC ACCGGCTCCAGATTTATCAGCAATAAACCAGCCAGCCGGAAGGGCCGAGCGCAGAAGTGGTCCTGCAACTTTATCCGCCTCCA TCCAGTCTATTAATTGTTGCCGGGAAGCTAGAGTAAGTAGTTCGCCAGTTAATAGTTTGCGCAACGTTGTTGCCATTGCTACA GGCATCGTGGTGTCACGCTCGTCGTTTGGTATGGCTTCATTCAGCTCCGGTTCCCAACGATCAAGGCGAGTTACATGATCCCC CATGTTGTGCAAAAAAGCGGTTAGCTCCTTCGGTCCTCCGATCGTTGTCAGAAGTAAGTTGGCCGCAGTGTTATCACTCATGG TTATGGCAGCACTGCATAATTCTCTTACTGTCATGCCATCCGTAAGATGCTTTTCTGTGACTGGTGAGTACTCAACCAAGTCA TTCTGAGAATAGTGTATGCGGCGACCGAGTTGCTCTTGCCCGGCGTCAATACGGGATAATACCGCGCCACATAGCAGAACTTT AAAAGTGCTCATCATTGGAAAACGTTCTTCGGGGCGAAAACTCTCAAGGATCTTACCGCTGTTGAGATCCAGTTCGATGTAAC CCACTCGTGCACCCAACTGATCTTCAGCATCTTTTACTTTCACCAGCGTTTCTGGGTGAGCAAAAACAGGAAGGCAAAATGCC GCAAAAAAGGGAATAAGGGCGACACGGAAATGTTGAATACTCATACTCTTCCTTTTTCAATATTATTGAAGCATTTATCAGGG TTATTGTCTCATGAGCGGATACATATTTGAATGTATTTAGAAAAATAAACAAATAGGGGTTCCGCGCACATTTCCCCGAAAAG TGCCACCTGACGTC Bmpr2 REV RTN EBEs′ amino acid sequence: LSTEQVVAIAS NN GGKQALEAVKAQLLELRAAPYE (SEQ ID NO: 93) LSTAQVVAIAS NG GGKQALEGIGEQLLKLRTAPYG (SEQ ID NO: 102) LSTAQVVAIAS NG GGKQALEGIGEQLLKLRTAPYG (SEQ ID NO: 102) LSTAQVVAIAS NG GGKQALEGIGEQLLKLRTAPYG (SEQ ID NO: 102) LSTAQVVAIAS HD GGKPALEAVWAKLPVLRGVPYA (SEQ ID NO: 134) LSTEQVVAIAS NK GGKQALEAVKAHLLDLLGAPYV (SEQ ID NO: 72) LSTAQVVAIAS NG GGKQALEGIGEQLLKLRTAPYG (SEQ ID NO: 102) LSTAQVVAIAS NG GGKQALEGIGEQLLKLRTAPYG (SEQ ID NO: 102) LSTAQVVAIAS NG GGKQALEGIGEQLLKLRTAPYG (SEQ ID NO: 102) LSTEQVVAIAS NN GGKQALEAVKAQLLELRAAPYE (SEQ ID NO: 93) LSTAQVVAIAS HD GGKPALEAVWAKLPVLRGVPYA (SEQ ID NO: 134) LSTAQVVAIAS HD GGKPALEAVWAKLPVLRGVPYA (SEQ ID NO: 134) LSTAQVVAIAS NG GGKQALEGIGEQLLKLRTAPYG (SEQ ID NO: 102) LSTEQVVAIAS NK GGKQALEAVKAHLLDLLGAPYV (SEQ ID NO: 72) LSTAQVVAIAS NG GGKQALEGIGEQLLKLRTAPYG (SEQ ID NO: 102) LSTAQVVAIAS HD GGKPALEAVWAKLPVLRGVPYA (SEQ ID NO: 134) Bmpr2 REV RTN DNA Sequence: (Bolded Font: synthesized Ralstonia EBEs)this sequence is Contiguous (SEQ ID NO: 147): GACGGATCGGGAGATCTCCCGATCCCCTATGGTCGACTCTCAGTACAATCTGCTCTGATGCCGCATAGTTAAGCCAGTATCTG CTCCCTGCTTGTGTGTTGGAGGTCGCTGAGTAGTGCGCGAGCAAAATTTAAGCTACAACAAGGCAAGGCTTGACCGACAATTG CATGAAGAATCTGCTTAGGGTTAGGCGTTTTGCGCTGCTTCGCGATGTACGGGCCAGATATACGCGTTGACATTGATTATTGA CTAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTCATTAGTTCATAGCCCATATATGGAGTTCCGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAAT GGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCCCAACGACCCCCGCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAACGCCAATAGGGAC TTTCCATTGACGTCAATGGGTGGAGTATTTACGGTAAACTGCCCACTTGGCAGTACATCAAGTGTATCATATGCCAAGTACGC CCCCTATTGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCATTATGCCCAGTACATGACCTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAG TACATCTACGTATTAGTCATCGCTATTACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATCAATGGGCGTGGATAGCGGTTTGACTC ACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGACGTCAATGGGAGTTTGTTTTGGCACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTC GTAACAACTCCGCCCCATTGACGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTGGGAGGTCTATATAAGCAGAGCTCTCTGGCTAACT AGAGAACCCACTGCTTACTGGCTTATCGAAATTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGACCCAAGCTGGCTAGCACCATGGACTACA AAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCATGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGATGGCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAG GTGGGCATTCACCGCGGGGTACCTATGGTGGACTTGAGGACACTCGGTTATTCGCAACAGCAACAGGAGAAAATCAAGCCTAA GGTCAGGAGCACCGTCGCGCAACACCACGAGGCGCTTGTGGGGCATGGCTTCACTCATGCGCATATTGTCGCGCTTTCACAGC ACCCTGCGGCGCTTGGGACGGTGGCTGTCAAATACCAAGATATGATTGCGGCCCTGCCCGAAGCCACGCACGAGGCAATTGTA GGGGTCGGTAAACAGTGGTCGGGAGCGCGAGCACTTGAGGCGCTGCTGACTGTGGCGGGTGAGCTTAGGGGGCCTCCGCTCCA GCTCGACACCGGGCAGCTGCTGAAGATCGCGAAGAGAGGGGGAGTAACAGCGGTAGAGGCAGTGCACGCCTGGCGCAATGCGC TCACCGGGGCCCCCTT CTGAGCACCGAGCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACAAC GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGAAGGCCCAGCTGCTGGAGCTGAGGGCCGCCCCCTACGAG CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACGGC GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGGCATCGGCGAGCAGCTGCTGAAGCTGAGGACCGCCCCCTACGGC CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACGGC GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGGCATCGGCGAGCAGCTGCTGAAGCTGAGGACCGCCCCCTACGGC CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACGGC GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGGCATCGGCGAGCAGCTGCTGAAGCTGAGGACCGCCCCCTACGGC CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC CACGAC GGCGGCAAGCCCGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGTGGGCCAAGCTGCCCGTGCTGAGGGGCGTGCCCTACGCC CTGAGCACCGAGCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACAAG GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGAAGGCCCACCTGCTGGACCTGCTGGGCGCCCCCTACGTG CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACGGC GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGGCATCGGCGAGCAGCTGCTGAAGCTGAGGACCGCCCCCTACGGC CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACGGC GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGGCATCGGCGAGCAGCTGCTGAAGCTGAGGACCGCCCCCTACGGC CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACGGC GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGGCATCGGCGAGCAGCTGCTGAAGCTGAGGACCGCCCCCTACGGC CTGAGCACCGAGCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACAAC GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGAAGGCCCAGCTGCTGGAGCTGAGGGCCGCCCCCTACGAG CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC CACGAC GGCGGCAAGCCCGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGTGGGCCAAGCTGCCCGTGCTGAGGGGCGTGCCCTACGCC CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC CACGAC GGCGGCAAGCCCGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGTGGGCCAAGCTGCCCGTGCTGAGGGGCGTGCCCTACGCC CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACGGC GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGGCATCGGCGAGCAGCTGCTGAAGCTGAGGACCGCCCCCTACGGC CTGAGCACCGAGCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACAAG GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGAAGGCCCACCTGCTGGACCTGCTGGGCGCCCCCTACGTG CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC AACGGC GGCGGCAAGCAGGCCCTGGAGGGCATCGGCGAGCAGCTGCTGAAGCTGAGGACCGCCCCCTACGGC CTGAGCACCGCCCAGGTGGTGGCCATCGCCAGC CACGAC GGCGGCAAGCCCGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGTGGGCCAAGCTGCCCGTGCTGAGGGGCGTGCCCTACGCC CTGAGCACCGAGCAGGTGGTGACCATCGCCAGC AGCATCGGAGGACGGCCAGCCTTGGAGTCCATCGTAGCCCAATTGTCCAGGCCCGATCCCGCGTTGGCTGCGTTAACGAATGA CCATCTGGTGGCGTTGGCATGTCTTGGTGGACGACCCGCGCTCGATGCAGTCAAAAAGGGTCTGCCTCATGCTCCCGCATTGA TCAAAAGAACCAACCGGCGGATTCCCGAGAGAACTTCCCATCGAGTCGCGGGATCCCAACTAGTCAAAAGTGAACTGGAGGAG AAGAAATCTGAACTTCGTCATAAATTGAAATATGTGCCTCATGAATATATTGAATTAATTGAAATTGCCAGAAATTCCACTCA GGATAGAATTCTTGAAATGAAGGTAATGGAATTTTTTATGAAAGTTTATGGATATAGAGGTAAACATTTGGGTGGATCAAGGA AACCGGACGGAGCAATTTATACTGTCGGATCTCCTATTGATTACGGTGTGATCGTGGATACTAAAGCTTATAGCGGAGGTTAT AATCTGCCAATTGGCCAAGCAGATGAAATGCAACGATATGTCGAAGAAAATCAAACACGAAACAAACATATCAACCCTAATGA ATGGTGGAAAGTCTATCCATCTTCTGTAACGGAATTTAAGTTTTTATTTGTGAGTGGTCACTTTAAAGGAAACTACAAAGCTC AGCTTACACGATTAAATCATATCACTAATTGTAATGGAGCTGTTCTTAGTGTAGAAGAGCTTTTAATTGGTGGAGAAATGATT AAAGCCGGCACATTAACCTTAGAGGAAGTCAGACGGAAATTTAATAACGGCGAGATAAACTTTTAAGGGCCCTTCGAAGGTAA GCCTATCCCTAACCCTCTCCTCGGTCTCGATTCTACGCGTACCGGTCATCATCACCATCACCATTGAGTTTAAACCCGCTGAT CAGCCTCGACTGTGCCTTCTAGTTGCCAGCCATCTGTTGTTTGCCCCTCCCCCGTGCCTTCCTTGACCCTGGAAGGTGCCACT CCCACTGTCCTTTCCTAATAAAATGAGGAAATTGCATCGCATTGTCTGAGTAGGTGTCATTCTATTCTGGGGGGTGGGGTGGG GCAGGACAGCAAGGGGGAGGATTGGGAAGACAATAGCAGGCATGCTGGGGATGCGGTGGGCTCTATGGCTTCTGAGGCGGAAA GAACCAGCTGGGGCTCTAGGGGGTATCCCCACGCGCCCTGTAGCGGCGCATTAAGCGCGGCGGGTGTGGTGGTTACGCGCAGC GTGACCGCTACACTTGCCAGCGCCCTAGCGCCCGCTCCTTTCGCTTTCTTCCCTTCCTTTCTCGCCACGTTCGCCGGCTTTCC CCGTCAAGCTCTAAATCGGGGCATCCCTTTAGGGTTCCGATTTAGTGCTTTACGGCACCTCGACCCCAAAAAACTTGATTAGG GTGATGGTTCACGTAGTGGGCCATCGCCCTGATAGACGGTTTTTCGCCCTTTGACGTTGGAGTCCACGTTCTTTAATAGTGGA CTCTTGTTCCAAACTGGAACAACACTCAACCCTATCTCGGTCTATTCTTTTGATTTATAAGGGATTTTGGGGATTTCGGCCTA TTGGTTAAAAAATGAGCTGATTTAACAAAAATTTAACGCGAATTAATTCTGTGGAATGTGTGTCAGTTAGGGTGTGGAAAGTC CCCAGGCTCCCCAGGCAGGCAGAAGTATGCAAAGCATGCATCTCAATTAGTCAGCAACCAGGTGTGGAAAGTCCCCAGGCTCC CCAGCAGGCAGAAGTATGCAAAGCATGCATCTCAATTAGTCAGCAACCATAGTCCCGCCCCTAACTCCGCCCATCCCGCCCCT AACTCCGCCCAGTTCCGCCCATTCTCCGCCCCATGGCTGACTAATTTTTTTTATTTATGCAGAGGCCGAGGCCGCCTCTGCCT CTGAGCTATTCCAGAAGTAGTGAGGAGGCTTTTTTGGAGGCCTAGGCTTTTGCAAAAAGCTCCCGGGAGCTTGTATATCCATT TTCGGATCTGATCAGCACGTGTTGACAATTAATCATCGGCATAGTATATCGGCATAGTATAATACGACAAGGTGAGGAACTAA ACCATGGCCAAGCCTTTGTCTCAAGAAGAATCCACCCTCATTGAAAGAGCAACGGCTACAATCAACAGCATCCCCATCTCTGA AGACTACAGCGTCGCCAGCGCAGCTCTCTCTAGCGACGGCCGCATCTTCACTGGTGTCAATGTATATCATTTTACTGGGGGAC CTTGTGCAGAACTCGTGGTGCTGGGCACTGCTGCTGCTGCGGCAGCTGGCAACCTGACTTGTATCGTCGCGATCGGAAATGAG AACAGGGGCATCTTGAGCCCCTGCGGACGGTGTCGACAGGTGCTTCTCGATCTGCATCCTGGGATCAAAGCGATAGTGAAGGA CAGTGATGGACAGCCGACGGCAGTTGGGATTCGTGAATTGCTGCCCTCTGGTTATGTGTGGGAGGGCTAAGCACTTCGTGGCC GAGGAGCAGGACTGACACGTGCTACGAGATTTCGATTCCACCGCCGCCTTCTATGAAAGGTTGGGCTTCGGAATCGTTTTCCG GGACGCCGGCTGGATGATCCTCCAGCGCGGGGATCTCATGCTGGAGTTCTTCGCCCACCCCAACTTGTTTATTGCAGCTTATA ATGGTTACAAATAAAGCAATAGCATCACAAATTTCACAAATAAAGCATTTTTTTCACTGCATTCTAGTTGTGGTTTGTCCAAA CTCATCAATGTATCTTATCATGTCTGTATACCGTCGACCTCTAGCTAGAGCTTGGCGTAATCATGGTCATAGCTGTTTCCTGT GTGAAATTGTTATCCGCTCACAATTCCACACAACATACGAGCCGGAAGCATAAAGTGTAAAGCCTGGGGTGCCTAATGAGTGA GCTAACTCACATTAATTGCGTTGCGCTCACTGCCCGCTTTCCAGTCGGGAAACCTGTCGTGCCAGCTGCATTAATGAATCGGC CAACGCGCGGGGAGAGGCGGTTTGCGTATTGGGCGCTCTTCCGCTTCCTCGCTCACTGACTCGCTGCGCTCGGTCGTTCGGCT GCGGCGAGCGGTATCAGCTCACTCAAAGGCGGTAATACGGTTATCCACAGAATCAGGGGATAACGCAGGAAAGAACATGTGAG CAAAAGGCCAGCAAAAGGCCAGGAACCGTAAAAAGGCCGCGTTGCTGGCGTTTTTCCATAGGCTCCGCCCCCCTGACGAGCAT CACAAAAATCGACGCTCAAGTCAGAGGTGGCGAAACCCGACAGGACTATAAAGATACCAGGCGTTTCCCCCTGGAAGCTCCCT CGTGCGCTCTCCTGTTCCGACCCTGCCGCTTACCGGATACCTGTCCGCCTTTCTCCCTTCGGGAAGCGTGGCGCTTTCTCAAT GCTCACGCTGTAGGTATCTCAGTTCGGTGTAGGTCGTTCGCTCCAAGCTGGGCTGTGTGCACGAACCCCCCGTTCAGCCCGAC CGCTGCGCCTTATCCGGTAACTATCGTCTTGAGTCCAACCCGGTAAGACACGACTTATCGCCACTGGCAGCAGCCACTGGTAA CAGGATTAGCAGAGCGAGGTATGTAGGCGGTGCTACAGAGTTCTTGAAGTGGTGGCCTAACTACGGCTACACTAGAAGGACAG TATTTGGTATCTGCGCTCTGCTGAAGCCAGTTACCTTCGGAAAAAGAGTTGGTAGCTCTTGATCCGGCAAACAAACCACCGCT GGTAGCGGTGGTTTTTTTGTTTGCAAGCAGCAGATTACGCGCAGAAAAAAAGGATCTCAAGAAGATCCTTTGATCTTTTCTAC GGGGTCTGACGCTCAGTGGAACGAAAACTCACGTTAAGGGATTTTGGTCATGAGATTATCAAAAAGGATCTTCACCTAGATCC TTTTAAATTAAAAATGAAGTTTTAAATCAATCTAAAGTATATATGAGTAAACTTGGTCTGACAGTTACCAATGCTTAATCAGT GAGGCACCTATCTCAGCGATCTGTCTATTTCGTTCATCCATAGTTGCCTGACTCCCCGTCGTGTAGATAACTACGATACGGGA GGGCTTACCATCTGGCCCCAGTGCTGCAATGATACCGCGAGACCCACGCTCACCGGCTCCAGATTTATCAGCAATAAACCAGC CAGCCGGAAGGGCCGAGCGCAGAAGTGGTCCTGCAACTTTATCCGCCTCCATCCAGTCTATTAATTGTTGCCGGGAAGCTAGA GTAAGTAGTTCGCCAGTTAATAGTTTGCGCAACGTTGTTGCCATTGCTACAGGCATCGTGGTGTCACGCTCGTCGTTTGGTAT GGCTTCATTCAGCTCCGGTTCCCAACGATCAAGGCGAGTTACATGATCCCCCATGTTGTGCAAAAAAGCGGTTAGCTCCTTCG GTCCTCCGATCGTTGTCAGAAGTAAGTTGGCCGCAGTGTTATCACTCATGGTTATGGCAGCACTGCATAATTCTCTTACTGTC ATGCCATCCGTAAGATGCTTTTCTGTGACTGGTGAGTACTCAACCAAGTCATTCTGAGAATAGTGTATGCGGCGACCGAGTTG CTCTTGCCCGGCGTCAATACGGGATAATACCGCGCCACATAGCAGAACTTTAAAAGTGCTCATCATTGGAAAACGTTCTTCGG GGCGAAAACTCTCAAGGATCTTACCGCTGTTGAGATCCAGTTCGATGTAACCCACTCGTGCACCCAACTGATCTTCAGCATCT TTTACTTTCACCAGCGTTTCTGGGTGAGCAAAAACAGGAAGGCAAAATGCCGCAAAAAAGGGAATAAGGGCGACACGGAAATG TTGAATACTCATACTCTTCCTTTTTCAATATTATTGAAGCATTTATCAGGGTTATTGTCTCATGAGCGGATACATATTTGAAT GTATTTAGAAAAATAAACAAATAGGGGTTCCGCGCACATTTCCCCGAAAAGTGCCACCTGACGTC

Example 5

A library of Ralstonia EBEs and backbone vectors were made which could be used to assemble full length Ralstonia DNA binding domains into Ralstonia or Xanthomonas TALEN backbones, utilizing the golden gate assembly method. The RTNs were co-transfected into the Rat C6 cell line and gDNA extracted for analysis 48 hrs post transfection. A 420 bp gDNA fragment containing the RTN binding site was amplified by PCR. This amplicon was then subjected to the Cell assay using Surveyor Mutation Detection Kit (Transgenomic) as per manufacturer protocol. In brief, the amplicon is denatured into single stranded DNA and slowly re-annealed back to double stranded DNA. During this process, considering the original pool was a mixture of WT and mutated sequences, there will be cross hybridization between WT and mutant strands leading to formation of heteroduplexes. Upon treatment of this re-annealed pool with the Surveyor Nuclease, it recognizes the heteroduplexes and cleaves them, which generated two shorter fragments from (255 bp and 165 bp) the original amplicon (420 bp).

Terminology

-   pRVD: plasmid containing a single Ralstonia EBE. Individual EBEs     were gene synthesized and cloned in FLASH-XTN sub-array backbone     (XbaI, BamHI). -   pFus X: a sub-array plasmid that holds the first 10 EBEs of any     given RTN. The required piece was gene synthesized and cloned into     pHSG-298 (Sacl, Sbfl). -   pFUS Z: a sub-array plasmid that holds EBE 11 upto the second-last     EBE of any given RTN. -   Eg: Z4 holds EBEs 1 1-14, Z5 holds EBEs 1 1-15 and Z6 holds EBEs     11-16. Gene synthesized and cloned into pHSG-298 (Sacl, Sbfl). -   XTN-bb: Xanthomonas TAL backbone that contains the N-terminal and     C-terminal Xanthomonas TAL domains fused to FokI nuclease. This     backbone specifies a T nucleotide 5′ of the target sequence     specified by the EBEs. It also contains the last half EBE that     specifies the last nucleotide of the targeted sequence. Therefore     there are four XTN-bb plasmids, each specifying a different final     nucleotide of the targeted sequence (same as FLASH XTN backbones).

All plasmids are stored at 150 ng/ul in 0.1×TE buffer.

Methods: (building a 16EBE DNA binding domain and cloning it into a Xanthomonas TALEN backbone).

Assembly of a custom TALEN or TAL effector construct involves two steps: (i) assembly of repeat modules (pRVDs) into sub-arrays of 1-10 repeats and (ii) joining of the sub-arrays into a backbone to make the final construct.

We constructed of a TALEN monomer with a 17 RVD array (5′-TGATAGTCGC-CTTATG-T-3′, SEQ ID NO: 208). Select from the pRVD plasmids those that encode RVDs 1-10 in the array using plasmids numbered in that order. For example, the plasmid for the first RVD would be gRTN-1T, the second gRTN-2G, the third gRTN-3A etc. Modules from these plasmids will be cloned into sub-array plasmid pFUS-X. Next, select modules for RVDs 11-16 in the 16 RVD array again starting with plasmids numbered from 1. Thus for RVD 11 gRTN-1C would be used, for RVD 12 gRTN-2T, etc. The pFUS-Z plasmids are numbered 1-10 and should be selected according to the number of EBEs going in. Thus, in our example, pFUS-Z6 should be used.

The pRVDs and sub-array plasmids (150 ng each) are subjected to digestion and ligation in a single 20 ul reaction containing 1 ul Bsal (10 U, New England BioLabs) and 1 ul T4 DNA Ligase (2000 U, New England BioLabs) in T4 DNA ligase buffer (New England BioLabs). The reaction is incubated in a thermocycler for 10 cycles of 5 min at 37 C and 10 min at 16 C, then heated to 50 C for 5 min and then 80 C for 5 min. Then, 1 ul 25 mM ATP and 1 ul Plasmid Safe DNase (10 U, Epicentre) are added. The mixture is incubated at 37 C for 1 h, then used to transform Escherichia coli cells. Cells are plated on LB agar containing 50 mg/ml Kanamycin, overnight at 37° C.

Up to six colonies from each transformation were screened with M13 fwd and rev primers, via colony PCR, to identify clones that contain a full-length sub-array. Full length pFUS-X sub-array clones should produce a 1.1 kb band and full-length pFUS-Z6 clones should produce a 700 bp band (add or subtract 105 bp for each EBE more or less). Cultures were started overnight cultures of a full-length pFUS-X and a full-length pFUS-Z6 clone.

We isolated plasmid DNA from your pFUS-X and pFUS-Z cultures. Sub-arrays were joined into one of the four backbone plasmids. A 20 ul digestion and ligation reaction mixture is prepared with 150 ng each of the pFUS-X and pFUS-Z plasmids, 150 ng of the backbone plasmid, in this case XTN-bbT, 1 ul Esp3I (10 U, Thermo Scientific) and 1 ul T4 DNA Ligase (2000 U, New England Biolabs) in T4 DNA ligase buffer. The reaction is then incubated in a thermocycler for 3 cycles of 10 min at 37 C and 15 min at 16 C. The reaction is then incubated at 37 C for an additional 30 min and heated to 50 C for 5 min, then 80 C for 5 min. After cooling to room temperature, 1 ul 25 mM ATP and 1 ul Plasmid Safe DNase (10 U, Epicenter) were added and incubated at 37 C for 1 hr. The reaction is then used to transform E. coli as above, except that Plasmid Safe. Also, in this step, ampicillin (100 mg/ml) is used in place of Kanamycin for selection of transformants.

We screened up to three colonies from each transformation via colony PCR with XTN-VF and XTN-VR2 primers and started overnight cultures of 1 full length clone for each RTN (2.1 kb band indicates 17EBE array). We then isolated plasmid DNA and identify clones containing the final, full-length repeat array by DNA sequencing with XTN-VF, XTN-VR1 and XTN-VR2.

XbaI and BamHI digested XTN sub-array backbone (sites underlined):

SEQ ID NO: 148: (BamHI)GGATCCCGGGCCCGTCGACTGCAGAGGCCTGCATGCAAGCTTGGCGTAATCATGGTCATA GCTGTTTCCTGTGTGAAATTGTTATCCGCTCACAATTCCACACAACATACGAGCCGGAAGCATAAA GTGTAAAGCCTGGGGTGCCTAATGAGTGAGCTAACTCACATTAATTGCGTTGCGCTCACTGCCCGC TTTCCAGTCGGGAAACCTGTCGTGCCAGCTGCATTAATGAATCGGCCAACGCGCGGGGAGAGGCG GTTTGCGTATTGGGCGCTCTTCCGCTTCCTCGCTCACTGACTCGCTGCGCTCGGTCGTTCGGCTGCG GCGAGCGGTATCAGCTCACTCAAAGGCGGTAATACGGTTATCCACAGAATCAGGGGATAACGCAG GAAAGAACATGTGAGCAAAAGGCCAGCAAAAGGCCAGGAACCGTAAAAAGGCCGCGTTGCTGGC GTTTTTCCATAGGCTCCGCCCCCCTGACGAGCATCACAAAAATCGACGCTCAAGTCAGAGGTGGCG AAACCCGACAGGACTATAAAGATACCAGGCGTTTCCCCCTGGAAGCTCCCTCGTGCGCTCTCCTGT TCCGACCCTGCCGCTTACCGGATACCTGTCCGCCTTTCTCCCTTCGGGAAGCGTGGCGCTTTCTCAT AGCTCACGCTGTAGGTATCTCAGTTCGGTGTAGGTCGTTCGCTCCAAGCTGGGCTGTGTGCACGAA CCCCCCGTTCAGCCCGACCGCTGCGCCTTATCCGGTAACTATCGTCTTGAGTCCAACCCGGTAAGAC ACGACTTATCGCCACTGGCAGCAGCCACTGGTAACAGGATTAGCAGAGCGAGGTATGTAGGCGGT GCTACAGAGTTCTTGAAGTGGTGGCCTAACTACGGCTACACTAGAAGAACAGTATTTGGTATCTGC GCTCTGCTGAAGCCAGTTACCTTCGGAAAAAGAGTTGGTAGCTCTTGATCCGGCAAACAAACCACC GCTGGTAGCGGTGGTTTTTTTGTTTGCAAGCAGCAGATTACGCGCAGAAAAAAAGGATCTCAAGAA GATCCTTTGATCTTTTCTACGGGGTCTGACGCTCAGTGGAACGAAAACTCACGTTAAGGGATTTTGG TCATGAGATTATCAAAAAGGATCTTCACCTAGATCCTTTTAAATTAAAAATGAAGTTTTAAATCAAT CTAAAGTATATATGAGTAAACTTGGTCTGACAGTTACCAATGCTTAATCAGTGAGGCACCTATCTC AGCGATCTGTCTATTTCGTTCATCCATAGTTGCCTGACTCCCCGTCGTGTAGATAACTACGATACGG GAGGGCTTACCATCTGGCCCCAGTGCTGCAATGATACCGCGAGAGCCACGCTCACCGGCTCCAGAT TTATCAGCAATAAACCAGCCAGCCGGAAGGGCCGAGCGCAGAAGTGGTCCTGCAACTTTATCCGCC TCCATCCAGTCTATTAATTGTTGCCGGGAAGCTAGAGTAAGTAGTTCGCCAGTTAATAGTTTGCGCA ACGTTGTTGCCATTGCTACAGGCATCGTGGTGTCACGCTCGTCGTTTGGTATGGCTTCATTCAGCTC CGGTTCCCAACGATCAAGGCGAGTTACATGATCCCCCATGTTGTGCAAAAAAGCGGTTAGCTCCTT CGGTCCTCCGATCGTTGTCAGAAGTAAGTTGGCCGCAGTGTTATCACTCATGGTTATGGCAGCACT GCATAATTCTCTTACTGTCATGCCATCCGTAAGATGCTTTTCTGTGACTGGTGAGTACTCAACCAAG TCATTCTGAGAATAGTGTATGCGGCGACCGAGTTGCTCTTGCCCGGCGTCAATACGGGATAATACC GCGCCACATAGCAGAACTTTAAAAGTGCTCATCATTGGAAAACGTTCTTCGGGGCGAAAACTCTCA AGGATCTTACCGCTGTTGAGATCCAGTTCGATGTAACCCACTCGTGCACCCAACTGATCTTCAGCAT CTTTTACTTTCACCAGCGTTTCTGGGTGAGCAAAAACAGGAAGGCAAAATGCCGCAAAAAAGGGA ATAAGGGCGACACGGAAATGTTGAATACTCATACTCTTCCTTTTTCAATATTATTGAAGCATTTATC AGGGTTATTGTCTCATGAGCGGATACATATTTGAATGTATTTAGAAAAATAAACAAATAGGGGTTC CGCGCACATTTCCCCGAAAAGTGCCACCTGACGTCTAAGAAACCATTATTATCATGACATTAACCT ATAAAAATAGGCGTATCACGAGGCCCTTTCGTCTCGCGCGTTTCGGTGATGACGGTGAAAACCTCT GACACATGCAGCTCCCGGAGACGGTCACAGCTTGTCTGTAAGCGGATGCCGGGAGCAGACAAGCC CGTCAGGGCGCGTCAGCGGGTGTTGGCGGGTGTCGGGGCTGGCTTAACTATGCGGCATCAGAGCA GATTGTACTGAGAGTGCACCATATGCGGTGTGAAATACCGCACAGATGCGTAAGGAGAAAATACC GCATCAGGCGCCATTCGCCATTCAGGCTGCGCAACTGTTGGGAAGGGCGATCGGTGCGGGCCTCTT CGCTATTACGCCAGCTGGCGAAAGGGGGATGTGCTGCAAGGCGATTAAGTTGGGTAACGCCAGGG TTTTCCCAGTCACGACGTTGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTGAATTCGAGCTCGGTACCTCGCGAATGCAT CTAGA (XbaI) XTN-bb (BsmBI digested, sites are self excised from the backbone during digestion): Undelined sequences overlap with sub-arrays pFUS-X and pFUS-Z. XTN-bbA: is replaced with TCTAACATC XTN-bbC: is replaced with TCCCACGAC XTN-bbG: is replaced with AATAATAAC XTN-bbT: is replaced with TCTAATGGG SEQ ID NO 149: pFUS-Z overlap CTGACACCCGAACAGGTGGTCGCCATTGCTNNNNNNNNN GGAGGACGGCCAGCCTTGGAGTCCATCGTAGCCCAATTGTCCAGGCCCGATCCCG CGTTGGCTGCGTTAACGAATGACCATCTGGTGGCGTTGGCATGTCTTGGTGGACG ACCCGCGCTCGATGCAGTCAAAAAGGGTCTGCCTCATGCTCCCGCATTGATCAAA AGAACCAACCGGCGGATTCCCGAGAGAACTTCCCATCGAGTCGCGGGATCCCAA CTAGTCAAAAGTGAACTGGAGGAGAAGAAATCTGAACTTCGTCATAAATTGAAA TATGTGCCTCATGAATATATTGAATTAATTGAAATTGCCAGAAATTCCACTCAGG ATAGAATTCTTGAAATGAAGGTAATGGAATTTTTTATGAAAGTTTATGGATATAG AGGTAAACATTTGGGTGGATCAAGGAAACCGGACGGAGCAATTTATACTGTCGG ATCTCCTATTGATTACGGTGTGATCGTGGATACTAAAGCTTATAGCGGAGGTTAT AATCTGCCAATTGGCCAAGCAGATGAAATGCAACGATATGTCGAAGAAAATCAA ACACGAAACAAACATATCAACCCTAATGAATGGTGGAAAGTCTATCCATCTTCTG TAACGGAATTTAAGTTTTTATTTGTGAGTGGTCACTTTAAAGGAAACTACAAAGC TCAGCTTACACGATTAAATCATATCACTAATTGTAATGGAGCTGTTCTTAGTGTAG AAGAGCTTTTAATTGGTGGAGAAATGATTAAAGCCGGCACATTAACCTTAGAGGA AGTCAGACGGAAATTTAATAACGGCGAGATAAACTTTTAAGGGCCCTTCGAAGGT AAGCCTATCCCTAACCCTCTCCTCGGTCTCGATTCTACGCGTACCGGTCATCATCA CCATCACCATTGAGTTTAAACCCGCTGATCAGCCTCGACTGTGCCTTCTAGTTGCC AGCCATCTGTTGTTTGCCCCTCCCCCGTGCCTTCCTTGACCCTGGAAGGTGCCACT CCCACTGTCCTTTCCTAATAAAATGAGGAAATTGCATCGCATTGTCTGAGTAGGT GTCATTCTATTCTGGGGGGTGGGGTGGGGCAGGACAGCAAGGGGGAGGATTGGG AAGACAATAGCAGGCATGCTGGGGATGCGGTGGGCTCTATGGCTTCTGAGGCGG AAAGAACCAGCTGGGGCTCTAGGGGGTATCCCCACGCGCCCTGTAGCGGCGCATT AAGCGCGGCGGGTGTGGTGGTTACGCGCAGCGTGACCGCTACACTTGCCAGCGCC CTAGCGCCCGCTCCTTTCGCTTTCTTCCCTTCCTTTCTCGCCACGTTCGCCGGCTTT CCCCGTCAAGCTCTAAATCGGGGCATCCCTTTAGGGTTCCGATTTAGTGCTTTACG GCACCTCGACCCCAAAAAACTTGATTAGGGTGATGGTTCACGTAGTGGGCCATCG CCCTGATAGACGGTTTTTCGCCCTTTGACGTTGGAGTCCACGTTCTTTAATAGTGG ACTCTTGTTCCAAACTGGAACAACACTCAACCCTATCTCGGTCTATTCTTTTGATT TATAAGGGATTTTGGGGATTTCGGCCTATTGGTTAAAAAATGAGCTGATTTAACA AAAATTTAACGCGAATTAATTCTGTGGAATGTGTGTCAGTTAGGGTGTGGAAAGT CCCCAGGCTCCCCAGGCAGGCAGAAGTATGCAAAGCATGCATCTCAATTAGTCAG CAACCAGGTGTGGAAAGTCCCCAGGCTCCCCAGCAGGCAGAAGTATGCAAAGCA TGCATCTCAATTAGTCAGCAACCATAGTCCCGCCCCTAACTCCGCCCATCCCGCCC CTAACTCCGCCCAGTTCCGCCCATTCTCCGCCCCATGGCTGACTAATTTTTTTTATT TATGCAGAGGCCGAGGCCGCCTCTGCCTCTGAGCTATTCCAGAAGTAGTGAGGAG GCTTTTTTGGAGGCCTAGGCTTTTGCAAAAAGCTCCCGGGAGCTTGTATATCCATT TTCGGATCTGATCAGCACGTGTTGACAATTAATCATCGGCATAGTATATCGGCAT AGTATAATACGACAAGGTGAGGAACTAAACCATGGCCAAGCCTTTGTCTCAAGA AGAATCCACCCTCATTGAAAGAGCAACGGCTACAATCAACAGCATCCCCATCTCT GAAGACTACAGCGTCGCCAGCGCAGCTCTCTCTAGCGACGGCCGCATCTTCACTG GTGTCAATGTATATCATTTTACTGGGGGACCTTGTGCAGAACTCGTGGTGCTGGG CACTGCTGCTGCTGCGGCAGCTGGCAACCTGACTTGTATCGTCGCGATCGGAAAT GAGAACAGGGGCATCTTGAGCCCCTGCGGACGGTGTCGACAGGTGCTTCTCGATC TGCATCCTGGGATCAAAGCGATAGTGAAGGACAGTGATGGACAGCCGACGGCAG TTGGGATTCGTGAATTGCTGCCCTCTGGTTATGTGTGGGAGGGCTAAGCACTTCGT GGCCGAGGAGCAGGACTGACACGTGCTACGAGATTTCGATTCCACCGCCGCCTTC TATGAAAGGTTGGGCTTCGGAATCGTTTTCCGGGACGCCGGCTGGATGATCCTCC AGCGCGGGGATCTCATGCTGGAGTTCTTCGCCCACCCCAACTTGTTTATTGCAGCT TATAATGGTTACAAATAAAGCAATAGCATCACAAATTTCACAAATAAAGCATTTT TTTCACTGCATTCTAGTTGTGGTTTGTCCAAACTCATCAATGTATCTTATCATGTCT GTATACCGTCGACCTCTAGCTAGAGCTTGGCGTAATCATGGTCATAGCTGTTTCCT GTGTGAAATTGTTATCCGCTCACAATTCCACACAACATACGAGCCGGAAGCATAA AGTGTAAAGCCTGGGGTGCCTAATGAGTGAGCTAACTCACATTAATTGCGTTGCG CTCACTGCCCGCTTTCCAGTCGGGAAACCTGTCGTGCCAGCTGCATTAATGAATC GGCCAACGCGCGGGGAGAGGCGGTTTGCGTATTGGGCGCTCTTCCGCTTCCTCGC TCACTGACTCGCTGCGCTCGGTCGTTCGGCTGCGGCGAGCGGTATCAGCTCACTC AAAGGCGGTAATACGGTTATCCACAGAATCAGGGGATAACGCAGGAAAGAACAT GTGAGCAAAAGGCCAGCAAAAGGCCAGGAACCGTAAAAAGGCCGCGTTGCTGGC GTTTTTCCATAGGCTCCGCCCCCCTGACGAGCATCACAAAAATCGACGCTCAAGT CAGAGGTGGCGAAACCCGACAGGACTATAAAGATACCAGGCGTTTCCCCCTGGA AGCTCCCTCGTGCGCTCTCCTGTTCCGACCCTGCCGCTTACCGGATACCTGTCCGC CTTTCTCCCTTCGGGAAGCGTGGCGCTTTCTCAATGCTCACGCTGTAGGTATCTCA GTTCGGTGTAGGTCGTTCGCTCCAAGCTGGGCTGTGTGCACGAACCCCCCGTTCA GCCCGACCGCTGCGCCTTATCCGGTAACTATCGTCTTGAGTCCAACCCGGTAAGA CACGACTTATCGCCACTGGCAGCAGCCACTGGTAACAGGATTAGCAGAGCGAGG TATGTAGGCGGTGCTACAGAGTTCTTGAAGTGGTGGCCTAACTACGGCTACACTA GAAGGACAGTATTTGGTATCTGCGCTCTGCTGAAGCCAGTTACCTTCGGAAAAAG AGTTGGTAGCTCTTGATCCGGCAAACAAACCACCGCTGGTAGCGGTGGTTTTTTT GTTTGCAAGCAGCAGATTACGCGCAGAAAAAAAGGATCTCAAGAAGATCCTTTG ATCTTTTCTACGGGGTCTGACGCTCAGTGGAACGAAAACTCACGTTAAGGGATTT TGGTCATGAGATTATCAAAAAGGATCTTCACCTAGATCCTTTTAAATTAAAAATG AAGTTTTAAATCAATCTAAAGTATATATGAGTAAACTTGGTCTGACAGTTACCAA TGCTTAATCAGTGAGGCACCTATCTCAGCGATCTGTCTATTTCGTTCATCCATAGT TGCCTGACTCCCCGTCGTGTAGATAACTACGATACGGGAGGGCTTACCATCTGGC CCCAGTGCTGCAATGATACCGCGAGACCCACGCTCACCGGCTCCAGATTTATCAG CAATAAACCAGCCAGCCGGAAGGGCCGAGCGCAGAAGTGGTCCTGCAACTTTAT CCGCCTCCATCCAGTCTATTAATTGTTGCCGGGAAGCTAGAGTAAGTAGTTCGCC AGTTAATAGTTTGCGCAACGTTGTTGCCATTGCTACAGGCATCGTGGTGTCACGCT CGTCGTTTGGTATGGCTTCATTCAGCTCCGGTTCCCAACGATCAAGGCGAGTTAC ATGATCCCCCATGTTGTGCAAAAAAGCGGTTAGCTCCTTCGGTCCTCCGATCGTTG TCAGAAGTAAGTTGGCCGCAGTGTTATCACTCATGGTTATGGCAGCACTGCATAA TTCTCTTACTGTCATGCCATCCGTAAGATGCTTTTCTGTGACTGGTGAGTACTCAA CCAAGTCATTCTGAGAATAGTGTATGCGGCGACCGAGTTGCTCTTGCCCGGCGTC AATACGGGATAATACCGCGCCACATAGCAGAACTTTAAAAGTGCTCATCATTGGA AAACGTTCTTCGGGGCGAAAACTCTCAAGGATCTTACCGCTGTTGAGATCCAGTT CGATGTAACCCACTCGTGCACCCAACTGATCTTCAGCATCTTTTACTTTCACCAGC GTTTCTGGGTGAGCAAAAACAGGAAGGCAAAATGCCGCAAAAAAGGGAATAAG GGCGACACGGAAATGTTGAATACTCATACTCTTCCTTTTTCAATATTATTGAAGCA TTTATCAGGGTTATTGTCTCATGAGCGGATACATATTTGAATGTATTTAGAAAAAT AAACAAATAGGGGTTCCGCGCACATTTCCCCGAAAAGTGCCACCTGACGTC GACGGATCGGGAGATCTCCCGATCCCCTATGGTCGACTCTCAGTACAATCTGCTC TGATGCCGCATAGTTAAGCCAGTATCTGCTCCCTGCTTGTGTGTTGGAGGTCGCTG AGTAGTGCGCGAGCAAAATTTAAGCTACAACAAGGCAAGGCTTGACCGACAATT GCATGAAGAATCTGCTTAGGGTTAGGCGTTTTGCGCTGCTTCGCGATGTACGGGC CAGATATACGCGTTGACATTGATTATTGACTAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACG GGGTCATTAGTTCATAGCCCATATATGGAGTTCCGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAA ATGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCCCAACGACCCCCGCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGAC GTATGTTCCCATAGTAACGCCAATAGGGACTTTCCATTGACGTCAATGGGTGGAG TATTTACGGTAAACTGCCCACTTGGCAGTACATCAAGTGTATCATATGCCAAGTA CGCCCCCTATTGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCATTATGCCCAGTA CATGACCTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAGTACATCTACGTATTAGTCATCGCTA TTACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATCAATGGGCGTGGATAGCGGTTTGA CTCACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGACGTCAATGGGAGTTTGTTTTGGC ACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTCGTAACAACTCCGCCCCATTGACGCA AATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTGGGAGGTCTATATAAGCAGAGCTCTCTGGCTA ACTAGAGAACCCACTGCTTACTGGCTTATCGAAATTAATACGACTCACTATAGGG AGACCCAAGCTGGCTAGCACCATGGACTACAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAA GATCATGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGATGGCCCCCAAGAAGAAG AGGAAGGTGGGCATTCACCGCGGGGTACCTATGGTGGACTTGAGGACACTCGGTT ATTCGCAACAGCAACAGGAGAAAATCAAGCCTAAGGTCAGGAGCACCGTCGCGC AACACCACGAGGCGCTTGTGGGGCATGGCTTCACTCATGCGCATATTGTCGCGCT TTCACAGCACCCTGCGGCGCTTGGGACGGTGGCTGTCAAATACCAAGATATGATT GCGGCCCTGCCCGAAGCCACGCACGAGGCAATTGTAGGGGTCGGTAAACAGTGG TCGGGAGCGCGAGCACTTGAGGCGCTGCTGACTGTGGCGGGTGAGCTTAGGGGG CCTCCGCTCCAGCTCGACACCGGGCAGCTGCTGAAGATCGCGAAGAGAGGGGGA GTAACAGCGGTAGAGGCAGTGCACGCCTGGCGCAATGCGCTCACCGGGGCCCCC TTGAAC pFUS-X overlap BamHI and XbaI flanked pRVD fragments (gene synthesized, BamHI-EBE-XbaI)):

gXTN-1C: (SEQ ID NO: 154) TCTAGAGGTCTCATTGACCCCAGACCAGGTAGTCGCAATCGCGTCAcatgacGGGGG AAAGCAAGCCCTGGAAACCGTGCAAAGGTTGTTGCCGGTCCTTTGTCAAGACCAC GGCAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-2C: (SEQ ID NO: 155) TCTAGAGGTCTCACGGCctgactcccgatcaagttgtagcgattgcgtcgCATGACggagggaaacaagcattg gagactgtccaacggctccttcccgtgttgtgtcaagcccacggAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-3C: (SEQ ID NO: 156) TCTAGAGGTCTCAacggtTTGACGCCTGCACAAGTGGTCGCCATCGCCAGCcatgatGG CGGTAAGCAGGCGCTGGAAACAGTACAGCGCCTGCTGCCTGTACTGTGCCAGGAT CATGAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-4C: (SEQ ID NO: 157) TCTAGAGGTCTCACATGGActgaccccagaccaggtagtcgcaatcgcgtcaCATGACgggggaaagcaag ccctggaaaccgtgcaaaggttgttgccggtcctttgtcaagaccacAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-5C: (SEQ ID NO: 158) TCTAGAGGTCTCAccacggcCTGACCCCAGACCAGGTAGTCGCAATCGCGTCAcatgac GGGGGAAAGCAAGCCCTGGAAACCGTGCAAAGGTTGTTGCCGGTCCTTTGTCAA GACCAAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-6C: (SEQ ID NO: 159) TCTAGAGGTCTCAACCACGGCctgactcccgatcaagttgtagcgattgcgtcgCATGACggagggaaaca agcattggagactgtccaacggctccttcccgtgttgtgtcaagcccAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-7C: (SEQ ID NO: 160) TCTAGAGGTCTCAgcccacggtTTGACGCCTGCACAAGTGGTCGCCATCGCCAGCCAT GATGGCGGTAAGCAGGCGCTGGAAACAGTACAGCGCCTGCTGCCTGTACTGTGC CAGGATAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-8C: (SEQ ID NO: 161) TCTAGAGGTCTCAGGATCATGGActgaccccagaccaggtagtcgcaatcgcgtcacatgacgggggaaagc aagccctggaaaccgtgcaaaggttgttgccggtcctttgtcaagaAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-9C: (SEQ ID NO: 162) TCTAGAGGTCTCAaagaccacggcCTGACCCCAGACCAGGTAGTCGCAATCGCGTCAca tgacGGGGGAAAGCAAGCCCTGGAAACCGTGCAAAGGTTGTTGCCGGTCCTTTGTC AAGAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-10C: (SEQ ID NO: 163) TCTAGAGGTCTCACAAGACCACGGCctgactcccgatcaagttgtagcgattgcgtcgcatgacggagggaa acaagcattggagactgtccaacggctccttcccgtgttgtgtcaagcccaTggAAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-1T: (SEQ ID NO: 164) TCTAGAGGTCTCATTGACCCCAGACCAGGTAGTCGCAATCGCGTCAAACGGAGG GGGAAAGCAAGCCCTGGAAACCGTGCAAAGGTTGTTGCCGGTCCTTTGTCAAGA CCACGGCAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-2T: (SEQ ID NO: 165) TCTAGAGGTCTCACGGCctgactcccgatcaagttgtagcgattgcgtcgAACGGTggagggaaacaagcattg gagactgtccaacggctccttcccgtgttgtgtcaagcccacggAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-3T: (SEQ ID NO: 166) TCTAGAGGTCTCAacggtTTGACGCCTGCACAAGTGGTCGCCATCGCCTCGAATGGC GGCGGTAAGCAGGCGCTGGAAACAGTACAGCGCCTGCTGCCTGTACTGTGCCAG GATCATGAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-4T: (SEQ ID NO: 167) TCTAGAGGTCTCACATGGActgaccccagaccaggtagtcgcaatcgcgtcaaacggagggggaaagcaagccc tggaaaccgtgcaaaggttgttgccggtcctttgtcaagaccacAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-5T: (SEQ ID NO: 168) TCTAGAGGTCTCAccacggcCTGACCCCAGACCAGGTAGTCGCAATCGCGTCAaacgga GGGGGAAAGCAAGCCCTGGAAACCGTGCAAAGGTTGTTGCCGGTCCTTTGTCAA GACCAAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-6T: (SEQ ID NO: 169) TCTAGAGGTCTCAACCACGGCctgactcccgatcaagttgtagcgattgcgtcgAACGGTggagggaaaca agcattggagactgtccaacggctccttcccgtgttgtgtcaagcccAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-7T: (SEQ ID NO: 170) TCTAGAGGTCTCAgcccacggtTTGACGCCTGCACAAGTGGTCGCCATCGCCAGCaatgg cGGCGGTAAGCAGGCGCTGGAAACAGTACAGCGCCTGCTGCCTGTACTGTGCCA GGATAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-8T: (SEQ ID NO: 171) TCTAGAGGTCTCAGGATCATGGActgaccccagaccaggtagtcgcaatcgcgtcaAACGGAggggga aagcaagccctggaaaccgtgcaaaggttgttgccggtcctttgtcaagaAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-9T: (SEQ ID NO: 172) TCTAGAGGTCTCAaagaccacggcCTGACCCCAGACCAGGTAGTCGCAATCGCGTCAA ACGGAGGGGGAAAGCAAGCCCTGGAAACCGTGCAAAGGTTGTTGCCGGTCCTTT GTCAAGAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-10T: (SEQ ID NO: 173) TCTAGAGGTCTCACAAGACCACGGCctgactcccgatcaagttgtagcgattgcgtccaacggtggagggaa acaagcattggagactgtccaacggctccttcccgtgttgtgtcaagcccaTggAAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-1A: (SEQ ID NO: 174) TCTAGAGGTCTCATTGACCCCAGACCAGGTAGTCGCAATCGCGTCAaacattGGGGG AAAGCAAGCCCTGGAAACCGTGCAAAGGTTGTTGCCGGTCCTTTGTCAAGACCA CGGCAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-2A: (SEQ ID NO: 175) TCTAGAGGTCTCACGGCctgactcccgatcaagttgtagcgattgcgtcgaacattggagggaaacaagcattggaga ctgtccaacggctccttcccgtgttgtgtcaagcccacggAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-3A: (SEQ ID NO: 176) TCTAGAGGTCTCAacggtTTGACGCCTGCACAAGTGGTCGCCATCGCCAGCaatattGG CGGTAAGCAGGCGCTGGAAACAGTACAGCGCCTGCTGCCTGTACTGTGCCAGGA TCATGAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-4A: (SEQ ID NO: 177) TCTAGAGGTCTCACATGGActgaccccagaccaggtagtcgcaatcgcgtcaAACATTgggggaaagcaag ccctggaaaccgtgcaaaggttgttgccggtcctttgtcaagaccacAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-5A: (SEQ ID NO: 178) TCTAGAGGTCTCAccacggcCTGACCCCAGACCAGGTAGTCGCAATCGCGTCGAACA TTGGGGGAAAGCAAGCCCTGGAAACCGTGCAAAGGTTGTTGCCGGTCCTTTGTC AAGACCAAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-6A: (SEQ ID NO: 179) TCTAGAGGTCTCAACCAtGGCctgactcccgatcaagttgtagcgattgcgtcgaacattggagggaaacaagcatt ggagactgtccaacggctccttcccgtgttgtgtcaagcccAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-7A: (SEQ ID NO: 180) TCTAGAGGTCTCAgcccacggtTTGACGCCTGCACAAGTGGTCGCCATCGCCTCCAAT ATTGGCGGTAAGCAGGCGCTGGAAACAGTACAGCGCCTGCTGCCTGTACTGTGC CAGGATAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-8A: (SEQ ID NO: 181) TCTAGAGGTCTCAGGATCATGGActgaccccagaccaggtagtcgcaatcgcgtcgaacattgggggaaagc aagccctggaaaccgtgcaaaggttgttgccggtcctttgtcaagaAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-9A: (SEQ ID NO: 182) TCTAGAGGTCTCAaagaccacggcCTGACCCCAGACCAGGTAGTCGCAATCGCGTCGA ACATTGGGGGAAAGCAAGCCCTGGAAACCGTGCAAAGGTTGTTGCCGGTCCTTT GTCAAGAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-10A: (SEQ ID NO: 183) TCTAGAGGTCTCACAAGACCACGGCctgactcccgatcaagttgtagcgattgcgtcgAACATTggagg gaaacaagcattggagactgtccaacggctccttcccgtgttgtgtcaagcccaTggAAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-1G: (SEQ ID NO: 184) TCTAGAGGTCTCATTGACCCCAGACCAGGTAGTCGCAATCGCGaacaataatGGGGGA AAGCAAGCCCTGGAAACCGTGCAAAGGTTGTTGCCGGTCCTTTGTCAAGACCAC GGCAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-2G: (SEQ ID NO: 185) TCTAGAGGTCTCACGGCctgactcccgatcaagttgtagcgattgcgaataacaatggagggaaacaagcattggag actgtccaacggctccttcccgtgttgtgtcaagcccacggAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-3G: (SEQ ID NO: 186) TCTAGAGGTCTCAacggtTTGACGCCTGCACAAGTGGTCGCCATCGCCAACAACAA CGGCGGTAAGCAGGCGCTGGAAACAGTACAGCGCCTGCTGCCTGTACTGTGCCA GGATCATGAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-4G: (SEQ ID NO: 187) TCTAGAGGTCTCACATGGActgaccccagaccaggtagtcgcaatcgcgaacaataatgggggaaagcaagccct ggaaaccgtgcaaaggttgttgccggtcctttgtcaagaccacAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-5G: (SEQ ID NO: 188) TCTAGAGGTCTCAccacggcCTGACCCCAGACCAGGTAGTCGCAATCGCGAACAATA ATGGGGGAAAGCAAGCCCTGGAAACCGTGCAAAGGTTGTTGCCGGTCCTTTGTC AAGACCAAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-6G: (SEQ ID NO: 189) TCTAGAGGTCTCAACCAtGGCctgactcccgatcaagttgtagcgattgcgaataacaatggagggaaacaagcat tggagactgtccaacggctccttcccgtgttgtgtcaagcccAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-7G: (SEQ ID NO: 190) TCTAGAGGTCTCAgcccacggtTTGACGCCTGCACAAGTGGTCGCCATCGCCAACAAC AACGGCGGTAAGCAGGCGCTGGAAACAGTACAGCGCCTGCTGCCTGTACTGTGC CAGGATAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-8G: (SEQ ID NO: 191) TCTAGAGGTCTCAGGATCATGGActgaccccagaccaggtagtcgcaatcgcgaacaataatgggggaaagc aagccctggaaaccgtgcaaaggttgttgccggtcctttgtcaagaAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-9G: (SEQ ID NO: 192) TCTAGAGGTCTCAaagaccacggcCTGACCCCAGACCAGGTAGTCGCAATCGCGAACA ATAATGGGGGAAAGCAAGCCCTGGAAACCGTGCAAAGGTTGTTGCCGGTCCTTT GTCAAGAGAGACCGGATCC gXTN-10G: (SEQ ID NO: 193) TCTAGAGGTCTCACAAGACCACGGCctgactcccgatcaagttgtagcgattgcgaataacaatggagggaaa caagcattggagactgtccaacggctccttcccgtgttgtgtcaagcccaTggAAGAGACCGGATCC Sbjl and Sacl flanked pFUS fragments (gene synthesized, Sbfl-pFUS-SacI) pFUS-X: (SEQ ID NO: 194) (Sbfl)CCTGCAGGTCGACCGTCTCAGAACTTGAAGAGACCGTACGTGATCGTGGTC TCATggaTTGAAGAGACGGGTACCGAGCTC(SacI) pFUS-Z1: (SEQ ID NO: 195) CCTGCAGGTCGACCGTCTCATTGAAGAGACCGTACTGgatcgtGGTCTCACGGCctgaA GAGACGGGTACCGAGCTC pFUS-Z2: (SEQ ID NO: 196) CCTGCAGGTCGACCGTCTCATTGAAGAGACCGTACTGgatcgtGGTCTCAacggtctgaA GAGACGGGTACCGAGCTC pFUS-Z3: (SEQ ID NO: 197) CCTGCAGGTCGACCGTCTCATTGAAGAGACCGTACTGgatcgtGGTCTCACATGGAct gaAGAGACGGGTACCGAGCTC pFUS-Z4: (SEQ ID NO: 198) CCTGCAGGTCGACCGTCTCATTGAAGAGACCGTACTGgatcgtGGTCTCAccacggcctga AGAGACGGGTACCGAGCTC pFUS-Z5: (SEQ ID NO: 199) CCTGCAGGTCGACCGTCTCATTGAAGAGACCGTACTGgatcgtGGTCTCAACCACGG CctgaAGAGACGGGTACCGAGCTC pFUS-Z6: (SEQ ID NO: 200) CCTGCAGGTCGACCGTCTCATTGAAGAGACCGTACTGgatcgtGGTCTCAgcccacggtct gaAGAGACGGGTACCGAGCTC pFUS-Z7: (SEQ ID NO: 201) CCTGCAGGTCGACCGTCTCATTGAAGAGACCGTACTGgatcgtGGTCTCAGGATCAT GGActgaAGAGACGGGTACCGAGCTC pFUS-Z8: (SEQ ID NO: 202) CCTGCAGGTCGACCGTCTCATTGAAGAGACCGTACTGgatcgtGGTCTCAaagaccacggc ctgaAGAGACGGGTACCGAGCTC pFUS-Z9: (SEQ ID NO: 203) CCTGCAGGTCGACCGTCTCATTGAAGAGACCGTACTGgatcgtGGTCTCACAAGACC ACGGCctgaAGAGACGGGTACCGAGCTC pFUS-Z10: (SEQ ID NO: 204) CCTGCAGGTCGACCGTCTCATTGAAGAGACCGTACTGgatcgtGGTCTCATggActgaA GAGACGGGTACCGAGCTC Example 7 Methylesterases and Methyltransferases 34 aa Consensus EBE (nn is replaced with relevant RVD): QTTERIVAIGT1SEQ ID NO: 211) nn GGTQALEAVLTALPRVCPGMV (SEQ ID NO: 212) Backtranseq of 34aa QTTERIVAIGT (SEQ ID NO: 211) SH GGTQALEAVLTALPRVCPGMV (SEQ ID NO: 212) (SH is a non-specific RVD) CAGACCACCGAGAGGATCGTGGCCATCGGCACCAGCCACGGCGGCACCCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGCTGACCGCCCT GCCCAGGGTGTGCCCCGGCATGGTG (SEQ ID NO: 102) Methylesterase EBE (14EBEs in XTN backbone): Bold Font: Methylesterase EBEs. All with non-specific RVD SH in this example. Black Font: FLASH XTN Backbone. The sequence is contiguous (SEQ ID NO: 207): GACGGATCGGGAGATCTCCCGATCCCCTATGGTCGACTCTCAGTACAATCTGCTCTGATGCCGCATAGTTAA GCCAGTATCTGCTCCCTGCTTGTGTGTTGGAGGTCGCTGAGTAGTGCGCGAGCAAAATTTAAGCTACAACAA GGCAAGGCTTGACCGACAATTGCATGAAGAATCTGCTTAGGGTTAGGCGTTTTGCGCTGCTTCGCGATGTAC GGGCCAGATATACGCGTTGACATTGATTATTGACTAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTCATTAGTTCAT AGCCCATATATGGAGTTCCGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCCCAACGACCCC CGCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAACGCCAATAGGGACTTTCCATTGACGTCAATGGG TGGAgTATTTACGGTAAACTGCCCACTTGGCAGTACATCAAGTGTATCATATGCCAAGTACGCCCCCTATTGA CGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCATTATGCCCAGTACATGACCTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCA GTACATCTACGTATTAGTCATCGCTATTACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATCAATGGGCGTGGATAG CGGTTTGACTCACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGACGTCAATGGGAGTTTGTTTTGGCACCAAAAT CAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTCGTAACAACTCCGCCCCATTGACGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTG GGAGGTCTATATAAGCAGAGCTCTCTGGCTAACTAGAGAACCCACTGCTTACTGGCTTATCGAAATTAATACG ACTCACTATAGGGAGACCCAAGCTGGCTAGCACCATGGACTACAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCA TGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGATGGCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAGGTGGGCATTCACCGCG GGGTACCTATGGTGGACTTGAGGACACTCGGTTATTCGCAACAGCAACAGGAGAAAATCAAGCCTAAGGTCA GGAGCACCGTCGCGCAACACCACGAGGCGCTTGTGGGGCATGGCTTCACTCATGCGCATATTGTCGCGCTT TCACAGCACCCTGCGGCGCTTGGGACGGTGGCTGTCAAATACCAAGATATGATTGCGGCCCTGCCCGAAGC CACGCACGAGGCAATTGTAGGGGTCGGTAAACAGTGGTCGGGAGCGCGAGCACTTGAGGCGCTGCTGACT GTGGCGGGTGAGCTTAGGGGGCCTCCGCTCCAGCTCGACACCGGGCAGCTGCTGAAGATCGCGAAGAGAG GGGGAGTAACAGCGGTAGAGGCAGTGCACGCCTGGCGCAATGCGCTCACCGGGGCCCCCTTGAAC CAGACCACCGAGAGGATCGTGGCCATCGGCACCAGCCACGGCGGCACCCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGCT GACCGCCCTGCCCAGGGTGTGCCCCGGCATGGTG CAGACCACCGAGAGGATCGTGGCCATCGGCACCAGCCACGGCGGCACCCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGCT GACCGCCCTGCCCAGGGTGTGCCCCGGCATGGTG CAGACCACCGAGAGGATCGTGGCCATCGGCACCAGCCACGGCGGCACCCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGCT GACCGCCCTGCCCAGGGTGTGCCCCGGCATGGTG CAGACCACCGAGAGGATCGTGGCCATCGGCACCAGCCACGGCGGCACCCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGCT GACCGCCCTGCCCAGGGTGTGCCCCGGCATGGTG CAGACCACCGAGAGGATCGTGGCCATCGGCACCAGCCACGGCGGCACCCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGCT GACCGCCCTGCCCAGGGTGTGCCCCGGCATGGTG CAGACCACCGAGAGGATCGTGGCCATCGGCACCAGCCACGGCGGCACCCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGCT GACCGCCCTGCCCAGGGTGTGCCCCGGCATGGTG CAGACCACCGAGAGGATCGTGGCCATCGGCACCAGCCACGGCGGCACCCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGCT GACCGCCCTGCCCAGGGTGTGCCCCGGCATGGTG CAGACCACCGAGAGGATCGTGGCCATCGGCACCAGCCACGGCGGCACCCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGCT GACCGCCCTGCCCAGGGTGTGCCCCGGCATGGTG CAGACCACCGAGAGGATCGTGGCCATCGGCACCAGCCACGGCGGCACCCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGCT GACCGCCCTGCCCAGGGTGTGCCCCGGCATGGTG CAGACCACCGAGAGGATCGTGGCCATCGGCACCAGCCACGGCGGCACCCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGCT GACCGCCCTGCCCAGGGTGTGCCCCGGCATGGTG CAGACCACCGAGAGGATCGTGGCCATCGGCACCAGCCACGGCGGCACCCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGCT GACCGCCCTGCCCAGGGTGTGCCCCGGCATGGTG CAGACCACCGAGAGGATCGTGGCCATCGGCACCAGCCACGGCGGCACCCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGCT GACCGCCCTGCCCAGGGTGTGCCCCGGCATGGTG CAGACCACCGAGAGGATCGTGGCCATCGGCACCAGCCACGGCGGCACCCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGCT GACCGCCCTGCCCAGGGTGTGCCCCGGCATGGTG CAGACCACCGAGAGGATCGTGGCCATCGGCACCAGCCACGGCGGCACCCAGGCCCTGGAGGCCGTGCT GACCGCCCTGCCCAGGGTGTGCCCCGGCATGGTG CTGACACCCGAACAGGTGGTCGCCATTGCTAATAATAACGGAGGACGGCCAGCCTTGGAGTCCATCGTAGC CCAATTGTCCAGGCCCGATCCCGCGTTGGCTGCGTTAACGAATGACCATCTGGTGGCGTTGGCATGTCTTG GTGGACGACCCGCGCTCGATGCAGTCAAAAAGGGTCTGCCTCATGCTCCCGCATTGATCAAAAGAACCAAC CGGCGGATTCCCGAGAGAACTTCCCATCGAGTCGCGGGATCCCAACTAGTC 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of modifying the genetic material in a cell, comprising administering to the cell a fusion protein comprising (a) at least one amino acid sequence having the sequence of LSTEQVVAIASX₁X₂GGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE (SEQ ID NO: 1), wherein X₁X₂ comprises a repeat variable diresidue (RVD), and wherein the RVD consists of SI, SN, SH, NP, NH, NT, NK, ND, HN, HY, HD, HI-I, RN, RS, NG or GS and (b) an effector domain, wherein the effector domain comprises a nuclease, a nickase, a transcriptional activator, a transcriptional repressor, a methyltransferase, a deacetylase or any functional fragment thereof and wherein the effector domain is neither isolated nor derived from a Ralstonia TALEN.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the fusion protein further comprises a second amino acid sequence having the sequence of LSTEQVVAIASX₁X₂GGKQALEAVKAQLLVLRAAPYE (SEQ ID NO: 1), wherein X₁X₂ comprises a repeat variable diresidue (RVD), and wherein the RVD consists of SI, SN, SH, NP, NH, NT, NK, ND, HN, HY, HD, HI-I, RN, RS, NG or GS.
 3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one amino acid sequence of (a) or the second amino acid sequence comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, or SEQ ID NO:19.
 4. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the effector domain comprises at least one nuclease.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the nuclease comprises an endonuclease.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the endonuclease comprises a Fok I endonuclease.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the endonuclease comprises an I-SceI endonuclease.
 8. The method of claim 4, wherein the effector domain comprises a zinc-finger nuclease.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the genomic DNA of the cell is modified.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is a unicellular organism.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is part of, or obtained from, a multicellular organism.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the cell is a stem cell.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the stem cell is a somatic stem cell.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the stem cell is a germline stem cell.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the cell is a plant cell.
 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the multi-cellular organism is a mammal.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the mammal is a human. 